Authority and Sources in Christian Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Authority and Sources in saviorian Ethics - Essay ExampleThis leave alone act as an essential guide to some other lives. The life of partisanship is g everyplacened by aims of the overall redemption of some(prenominal) other lives. The scriptures state that it is essential for disciples to follow ethical motive to ensure that they retain attracted others to join the assurance (Scharen, p 12). The life of discipleship ensures that a Christian follows the dictates of the scriptures. The Bible is a true representation of the needs and wants of the scriptures. In many instances, a Christian is guided by the stipulations of the Bible. In relation to ethical situations, all the trey authors insist that there is a occult salvation and relaxation that is brought by constant reference to the Bible. They have given a very good example of the persecution of the Jews by the Nazis during Hitlers era. there were very many Christians from all faiths that were boxed into a corner. Whateve r action that they took in helping the victims of the final solution determined their level and uprightness as Christians. A Christian who is a selfless disciple of Christ will do anything to ensure that he or she can save a life. This is because this is exactly what the Nazarene would have done. So the true Christians in the above context were those that were willing to do anything to save their victims. This is disrespect the fact that they were prone to persecution if they were found out (Stassen, p 72). Faith is the efficacy to have a soaked conviction in relation to any circumstance or situation. This is despite the fact that many at times it is very hard to have faith in something that we are yet to see. Any glide slope that is dictated by a Christian is governed by the ability for them to have the uttermost faith in everything around them. Their faith is the guide that ensures that they are pillars of very many others in society and all over the world. Christian ethics i nsists that it is important for a believer to have faith all the time. This is in many instances and situations. The disciple is the source of solace for very many people that do not have the ability to believe (Scharen, p 32). In many issues that a human being experiences, it is very important for them to chance upon what they need to do to acquire faith. The ability to believe does not retributory occur naturally. It comes with the deep grounds that in all challenges that one goes through, Christ died for all. The scriptures all state that he knows what his creation can give care and what they cannot. This means that with the faith that a Christian has, whether in relation to the application of Christian ethics or not, God is the essential guide always. There are random verses in the Bible that show deep Christian faith and its abilities. In day to day life, we should have the faith to receive and impact salvation. This is just like blind man who called out the Lords name and received his sight. Christian ethics is determined by ones ability to stand firm in the things that he or she believes in. In many unethical situations, there is one who gains. As a result of this gain, others lose greatly. A true disciple stands his ground no matter the consequences of his or her actions. Jesus was tempted, he employed great faith and he overcame the challenges. If he had no strong preference to ethical practises, it would have been very easy for him and many others to come to into temptation (Stassen, p 89). The third connection in the

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Film analysis - Essay ExampleThe read was also novel in terms of starring women in its 130 speaking roles including the animals like horses or dogs shown in the film. This all-female film earned the director the title of womens director.The film The Women received a volley of criticism and it is quite evident for an all-female film that it would be subjected to feminist interpretation. The absence of men alone denies the fact or dejection of the concept pertaining to the female as an object of gaze. A uniform mark of heterosexuality and that of bleak mark of lesbianism is noticed in the film through the character of Nancy Blake. directness in the pre-war era among the high class societies is a predominant theme of the film. The film The Women is circular in nature and the final scene of the film shows the predicament and fulfils the beginning discourse of the film. The final scene of the pictorial matter is not only the concluding scene but it is also a sumptuous scene indeed. split was a social taboo at that point of time when the film was made. Naturally, Cukor knew it well that his audience amid this estrogen stimulating movie would love to watch Mary rushing out from the party to finally ease up to the waiting arms of Stephen, her infidel husband.Mary learns about her foolishness and a close shot with a narrow frame gets focused on the facial expression of Mary. Norma Shearer excellently portrays the expression most gifted for this scene and the play of light and shadow with the to and fro fine agile movement of the camera enables to capture a tight-lipped close shot of Shearers expression specially her eyes that captivated a sense of longing, thirst to fall back on the arms of the beloved and pinning to replenish all that she has lost becomes evident when Mary is shown rushing out of the party hall almost in the vein of a sluggard from the gun through the movement and language of camera. The background score, building a climactic appeal

Chinese Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Chinese Society - Essay Examplethe general citizenry of urban areas and the affect of widespread technological advances, such(prenominal) as online educational opportunities upon the traditional Chinese family.This feeling is entrenched within ancient Confucian gloss and has escalated with inception of the one-child policy in 1979. Despite Chinas rapid ascent into the global economy, which has resulted in increased exposure into the global cultures, the sexism from ancient times has persevered and increased as is evidenced by the disproportionate male to female births over the past two decades. This policy was intended simply to limit the skyrocketing existence of the country but has affected population arrangements, economic growth, resource deployment and the stream of migration throughout China. Marriage and child-bearing ages contrive risen, the size of families has decreased, male-to-female ratio has increased and urban populations have escalated. Unquestionably, the far-reac hing effects of the one child policy cannot be understood by merely measuring population numbers or birth rates. One withal must factor quality of life into the equation including living standards, crime and education. Moreover, the sex-imbalance can be represent by the rising sex ratio at birth (Hung 2004).The current trend of noticeable working class migration from rural to urban China is becoming a significant social factor greatly mend the whole of society. Studies conducted in 1995 determined that 70 million people nationwide had abandoned their home townsfolk for temporary or continuing employment in larger towns within the region or to urban areas (Shukai, 1996). The mass amounts of people constantly streaming into urban areas have put a strain on the infrastructures of many cities in China. This has become a serious problem because most cities governing bodies could, at best, only support its present population in terms of social amenities. For example, most railway st ations in big cities experienced massive

The Seven Story Mountain by Thomas Merton Essay

The Seven Story Mountain by Thomas Merton - Essay ExampleThe author, Thomas Merton, vehemently declares the inevitable existence of the spiritual glow from heavens over human beings for their guidance and supervision to shelter and shield them from going astray into the hands of evil because of the continuous temptations of satanic forces haunting the hearts and minds of the peasantren of exaltation and Eve. The book narrates, in a very strong manner, the always changing human nature epoch passing various phases of life. Merton explores the very reality that individuals witness divergent experiences during the course of their life, which certainly influence both(prenominal) their minds and activities. Merton also indicates the power of spirituality to keep the direction of activities towards the right way of commitment, truthfulness and faithfulness. The autobiography reveals the inside feelings of the young man while interacting with so many individuals and institutions prevai ling in his surroundings, culture and environment. In the same(p) way, the courageous and sympathetic words produced by the writer boost up the morale of the seekers of truth, justice, vigilance and comprehension for the perpetual peace and tranquility of head and heart.The autobiography under study discusses different aspects of the writers life from his birth onward. Merton submits him the descendant of the Kiwis, as his ancestors belonged to New Zealand. His parents had settled in France, where the writer was born in January, 1915. The autobiography concentrates on the troubles and problems faced by the writer in his early childhood. The first great cataclysm of Mertons life was the death of his mother, as his mother kicked the bucket in 1921, when Merton was a small child of six years only. He had become as a rolling stone because of remaining grumpy in traveling from France, to England and the USA to accompany his father on the one hand and for the completion of

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Reflection - Essay ExampleHowever, even in the stories these masters have produced, the call into question of how or whether we can establish our identities as human individuals is answered with our experiences and our personal approaches to solving problems. Identical twins much(prenominal) as the computer addresss that appear in Shakespe ars Comedy of Errors create an immediate sense that there is no mien we can become individuals as they are duplicates of each other. In this play, the characters are even all abandoned the same names, increasing the confusion of the action of the play and revealing the degree to which we are easily manifold with our double. Part of the reason they struggled so much is that their personalities were also very closely matched - some(prenominal) Antipholus characters being hotheads and both Dromios being rather sarcastic. However, it is their experiences that distinguish them as being different as the Ephesian set are already aware of their wive s. The doppelganger effect is somewhat subdued in Stevensons story of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde because the Hyde character reflects all of the evil that was once a part of Dr. Jekyll leaving the Dr. Jekyll personality to express all the good.

Entrepreneurship and Business Start-up Assignment

Entrepreneurship and Business Start-up - Assignment ExampleWe listen to their needs and unravel with them to cook and manage each event successfully. We help them achieve their personal, pecuniary, professional, social, and artistic objectives. The people behind PEC are flavour organisers and social network specialists who have a track record of successful event management picture dating back to several years.Our services include planning and executing for special events such as meetings, conferences, birthdays and special occasions, concerts, book launchings, exhibits, inaugurations, fund-raising, special dinners, victory parties, graduations, sports tournaments, and reunions.We want every event that we plan, organise and carry break to be successful, whether it is an intimate dinner for two or a conference for 100. We strategically established an top(prenominal) limit to the number of participants to events we organise at this number for the first five years because of the u nique financial model we employ of fixing the price we charge to competitive unit rates. We can increase these song much later.Regardless of the number of people at our events, we aim to take care of every situation for the event to provide the greatest pleasure and to strike it a memorable experience. We offer a entertain of packages and services specifically tailored to the needs of each client and participant, and we are confident that this business contingency will succeed and that our net income will increase according to our modest projections.1.2 Mission StatementPRO-ACT Events Consultants (PEC) is a full service company that provides complete consulting services for any event, except weddings and anniversaries. Our consultants are experienced and sacred professionals with many years of event planning experience.We are unique in that we give our clients our undivided prudence and assure them that we are people they can trust. We listen to their needs and work with them to create the event of their dreams. We make everything possible.We have a professionally developed strategic plan that promises to make PEC one of the best places to work for in the world where everyone enjoys what one is doing, where the financial rewards are generous, and where everyday is a partyOur success is inflexible by the success of our

Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 Essay

Education in soviet Ukraine in the post-world war 2 - try out ExampleThen the Ukraines Peoples Republic was under the control of Soviet and consequently Ukraine Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. It was to become one of the establishing Republics of the Soviet Union. The 2nd world war that lasted for 60 long years and as a result had a drastic effect i.e., there was so many calamities across around the world, especially it was the nuclear weapons which used by US on Hiroshima, Japan. subsequently the World War II, Ukraines history in the 20th century had witnessed the burden of a oppressive Soviet government, Nazis attacks and the ruling of Stalin. In 1991, it was the end for the Soviet Union Ukraine became an commutative and reforming a new statehood that entered into the nineteenth century. The decades of enmity between Russia and Ukraine, it used this opportunity to conquer the nation. Ukraine has developed a alter economy with the technology and manufacturing sector and the aviation force, space and defence industries. A considerable development of Ukraine in 1960 was the intellectual development. The intellectuals tried to achieve further freedom in national and civil rights. Some of them were culmination out of the demand of culture and education with the Jews.The 20th century of Ukraines history was noticeable for military personnel cataclysm. The nation had a well educated population. Currently Ukraine is a presidential- parliamentary democracy which passed through a firm transition to the market economy. This caused emigration of people from the entire social circles.Previous emigration was held in the 19th and 20th centuries when peasants struggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and overly during and after the World War II.... uggled for land and a better life, after the decline of attempts of founding an independent Ukraine in 1917 and also during and after the World War II. A community of Ukraine came into being in a stable and intricate model of secular and religious organisations which came into existence in Australia in the 1940s, just after the arrival of Ukrainians from Europe. Ukrainians immigrated into Queensland from Russia in the early 20th centuries. Some of them got employed in China on the wind work of Manchurian railway during 1898-1903. A small number of political emigrants have anti-Tsarist political outlook. In addition to its advocacy of workers interests, the Ukrainian Workers Circle, which was represented on the Brisbane Industrial Council of Trade Unions, organised a subroutine library that included works of Ukrainian literature(Ukrainians, 2001, p.354). From 1960, Ukraine gradually acquired the economic development. During the period 1945 and 1989, Ukrainians allowed for the formation of State controlled brass section for socio- cultural development. There started the development of education. The Ukraine union published ne arly nearly 15 books in the Ukrainian language. In the period of post World War, they published around 40 books, which are mostly about the library and historical books. Their next works are the school handbooks. The minority of Ukraine prepared a program for popularisation of Ukrainian language. There were so many limitations for the Ukraine government the educational system was developed with the institutions in Galicia and Lviv. Lviv has been an institution for higher education for over more than 500 years. According to the contemplate in 2007, there are eight institutes, six academics, thirteen universities and a number of colleges in which

Art History (Art history from 1945 to the present) Research Paper

Art chronicle (Art history from 1945 to the present) - Research Paper ExampleThis is required to understand the comparison between the maneuver forms and the artists. If we chitchat the diaphragm of modern art it started taking form post the Second World War. Te warfare changed entire equations in every perspective world over. It was as good as a period of creation post destruction. Hence defying the set rules of art comes as the first logical step. Abstract expressionism evolved with this theory. An object is for everyone to canvass. What an artist perceives beyond the form is what makes viewing the object in a different light. other view is to perceive the object through the art that is expressed. In such case keeping the art abstract comes in as naturalAbstract expressionism hence does not recognize whatsoever form, any shape, any definite layout. It believes in the beauty of the satisfying in its original form. This is a very vivacious concept. Recognizing that the mate rial does not experience a form is fine but to be able to see the beauty in its original form is another thing altogether. In Gutai art, Yoshihara clearly states that the material in its original form tries to communicate to us. When an artist transforms it, he imposes his thought process on the material. Hence the material loses its own beauty, value and nature. Gutai manifesto also states that the spirit of the material used and the human spirit marry to each other whenever they are in the original form. Now if we try and understand this concept, we realize that Yoshihara doesnt want to go beyond the framework laid down by the nature. He sees beauty in its original form and hence these artists were able to see the beauty in the ruins and the destruction as well. They have quoted that even the decay is beautiful in the nature. This is off course a very liberating thought and a different viewpoint of looking at the beauty that is surrounding us. Hence the texture, the grain, the o riginality of the material is in itself transferral something through its own coarse

Avoiding Overspend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Avoiding Overspend - render ExampleWhenever there is a deviation from the planned programme causing change, recovery, rework, panic that lowers the specifications for project to be completed in time, it invariably results in overrun and consequent overspend that may lead to penalties. MphersonThe picture measures adopted in project forethought usually aim at mapping the deviation from the define plan. There ar hardly either measures to identify areas of comprise saving. The urgency to save, therefore precipitates at a near last-place stage which is an inappropriate time for cost saving. Cost saving needs level best consideration at the planning and design stage itself. Once implementation begins, changes only escalate be and cause delays.he key lies in managing requirements in such a way that overspend notify be avoided. Cost control is necessarily an important step towards avoiding overspend. Some strategies for cost control are discussed below1. Involvement of Executive Management Project cost control manifests its effectiveness best, when the executive management is involved in the decisions at all major phases of the project. It benefactors if the executive management can recognize the impressiveness of project risk management for identifying and planning to head off at least the most unadorned potential risk events (Max). 2. Estimating Project Budget The cost of the total work of the project needs to be estimated at the planning stage. Detailed estimating, bottom up estimating, order of magnitude, analogus or parametric estimates can be used to project the cost of all activities and the entire project. If planning is done well, overspending at a posterior stage can be avoided. The risk management approach to planning can also help evaluate the assumptions and environmental conditions that dominate the project plan, so that weaknesses can be identified and the effect of any risks thus identified, can be avoided. A contingency fund or reserves is usually past set aside to cope with such risks. The budget also needs to accommodate the inflation factor. For this, final estimates are arrived at and then inflation cost is added as a percentage or hoodlum sum. The inflation allowance then gets allocated to each cost item in relation to the actual anticipate inflation over the period for which costs are expected to be incurred. 3. Establish baseline cost for each activity To establish a realistic baseline, communication and integration of various types of information is super important. This may require robust

Research literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research literature review - Essay Example(Waters, 2010). Duddy (2008) says women have assumed more and more indispensable roles in the economy and their contribution to family income has enabled poor families to cope with financial hardship. Robbins (1999, p. 354) argues that women do two-thirds of the worlds pee-pee, receive 10 percent of the worlds income and own 1 percent of the means of production. caraway (2007) also says that despite the huge influx of women in the workplaces as a result of globalization, the gender inequalities at work have remained largely in tact. Tatchell (cited in Paton, 2005) identifies that unless businesses change their discriminatory attitude towards women, men bequeath continue to dominate and a huge pool of talent will go wasted. More women be working than ever before, but they are ever more likely than men to get low-productivity and susceptible jobs, with no social protection and basic rights. (International Labor Organization, 2008). Mehrotr a (2010) says that in case of increased feminization of workplaces, children may feel neglected and seek stimulation outside the house. Regarding the increase in the number of women in the workforce, work attendance is at chance to be negatively affected since women also have primary state for home and family matters. (Heathfield, 2007). Disagreeing, Joachim (2005) says that the rate of working women who can also be admirable mothers is growing now and it is inequitable to suggest that they prioritize their jobs over families.According to Waters (2010), women run many of the worlds majuscule companies, from PepsiCo in America to Areva in France. Feminization has extended from the once infinitesimal feature to a kind of considerable and imposing feature obvious in the workplace settings. The increasing encouragement shown from side of the employers to the women is a positive and appreciable trend that no doubt, on one

Curriculum Design Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Curriculum Design Project - Research Paper ExampleIt is due to such aims that an inclusive curriculum throw principally takes into consideration the targeted audiences or learners cultural, educational and social backgrounds as rise as experiences (Morgan & Houghton, 2011). Emphasizing these characteristics of an effective curriculum, a curriculum design for K-12 level build will be planned in this project. The design of an efficient curriculum for the K-12 level course needs to reflect a fundamental understanding and acknowledgement to the altering nature of the 21st century society. As the audiences in this level tend to be the early learners, i.e. pupils in Kindergarten and high schools, the curriculum also should be simple, precise, easily intelligible and interesting to suffice the psychological development needs of the learners. In this similar concern, an effective curriculum design can be duly considered as one of the significant constituents, which possesses strong abil ities to instill the rudimental signs of a trustworthy person. The development of a comprehensive curriculum design project for the K-12 education level would also accelerate the societal development summons to a substantial extent, by strengthening the roots of its educational dodging (ACARA, 2009 Kennedy & Archambault, 2012). The various attributes of an effective curriculum design, especially when concentrating on the needs of K-12 education level, should typically comprise creativity and a clear purpose so as to effectively connect with the educational needs of the pupils (AAAS, n.d.). In todays globalized economic purview, quality of education standards is regarded as one of the key strategies to gain developmental opportunities (The White House, n.d.). In this regard, the effectiveness of K-12 curricula can be regarded as an obligatory constituent, crabbyly in the US educational setting (California K12 Books, 2013). Apart from effective organizing and planning, implement ing a focused, strategically aligned and structure execution process is also mandatory to ensure complete benefits of the K-12 curriculum. Thus, teachers, who are the main executers of the K-12 curricula, must also be dexterous with suitable skills along with knowledge in order to generate the highest possible advantages from the designed project (Carl, 2009). With this concern, this study intends to develop a comprehensive curriculum design for the K-12 course. In this regard, a detailed analysis of the adequate to(p) area or the course of lyric Arts/English within the K-12 education environment has been chosen. This particular course is readily accessible in every educational institution of the US attached within K-12 educational system or environment. The course is intended for targeting the younger kids with the attributes of developing their comprehension, phonics, reading and writing fluency. sort One Curriculum Outline/Learning Structure Past to Future The curriculum en compassing Language Arts/English courses, in the K-12 level will aid the students to develop their writing and reading skills and most importantly, inspires them to inculcate a love for literature. It can be observed that this particular curriculum or course typically focuses upon incorporating classic works in the learning phase. Correspondingly, it emphasizes the values of writing as a modus operandi and

Child abuse Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

claw abuse - Research Paper ExampleNeglect means failure to provide for a electric shavers introductory needs (Joint Commission Resources, 2002, p. 6).Physical abuse include inflicting harm or defacement to a child via burning, biting, or punching whereas physical neglect means failure to provide the child with basic necessities like food and shelter (Joint Commission Resources, 2002, p. 6). Emotional abuse include verbal or non-verbal actions that canful cause a child to suffer from emotional, behavioural, or mental injury. Other than incest, sexual abuse includes baby cases, sexual intercourse, or touching the childs genital areas (Dickey, 2013).This meeting serves as the first licitly binding international instrument to incorporate the full range of human functionscivil, cultural, economic, political and social rights (Unicef, 2005). This Convention aims to educate the people about the childs right to live, become educated, receive medical fear assistance, and be protecte d from abusive people and exploitation (Rasooldeen, 2011 Unicef, 2005).In Islam, each child has a right to life and equal life chances (Islamweb, 2013). In fact, part of the 3rd commandment in Islam highlighted the need to affect the childs life. On top of the Muslim rule, Saudi has ratified the said Convention in 1996 (Rasooldeen, 2011). However, it is sad to say that child abuse remain rampant in Saudi Arabia (Dickey, 2013).Despite the Islamic rule about child protection and signing of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, child abuse close up exists in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, people in this country should continuously fight for childrens rights to live in a safe environment.Dickey, C. (2013, February 8). The Daily Beast. Retrieved February 21, 2013, from Saudi Arabias Child-Rape Case Female Activists Fight to Prevent maltreat

Conversion of Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conversion of Energy - Essay ExampleThirdly, fission and nuclear fusion reactions possess the capacity turn the energy associated with ordering of subatomic particles into nuclear energy. Fossil fuels pertain to fuels create out of the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that undergo natural process of anaerobic decomposition and these fuels be chiefly comprised in coal, gas, and anoint. It normally takes nearly 700 million years for decaying plant and animal matters to be ossified upon exposure to extreme levels of heat and pressure into usable fossil fuels which are more or lessly rich in carbon with coal, natural gas, and crude by composition. Being a non-renewable source of energy, fossil fuels may be volatile or non-volatile as materials ranging from those of minimal C to H ratios as methane gas and liquid petroleum to materials with heavier carbon content than hydrogen as in the case of anthracite coal. In modern times, fossil fuels are confronted with th e perils of continuous depletion at a rate that alarmingly exceeds that of their production which implies that renewable substitutes with equivalent advantages ought to be discovered and settled at for corrective resolution. Besides being a flexible non-renewable energy source, ground on their structure, depositional environment, and thermic reactions, fossil fuels draw a potential attraction due to the fact that most of worlds reserves of oil and natural gas come from deformed rocks whereas a bulky quantity of coal may be derived from sedimentary rock layers that do not undergo deformation. Sediments are readily found everywhere on which are comprised marine organic matter filled with oil and gas in high proportions to make opulent fossil fuel amounts. Because of low oxygen assiduity on environments in which massive deposits are preserved and coal forms that gather toward bogs and swamps, fossil fuels can be acquired with much convenience. Under natural circumstances, fossil fue ls are made beyond human intervention since thermal processes may occur spontaneously after decomposing organics goes through preservation to become fossil fuels at a later time. Aside from fossil fuels, biofuels like the ones based on algae are a renewable alternative fuel used in producing electricity. Besides the renewably drawn energy derived through biomass, geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy, wind, and solar powers, good fuel alternatives are present as well in bioalcohols, non-fossil methane and natural gas, ammonia, and veggie oil. These safer options create possibilities of reducing air pollution since less hazardous substances are involved during the crucial stages of parentage and emission processes. This way, state investments may be allocated for concerns other than for setting up regulations. In particular, heat derived from the landed estate by means of a natural geologic process has been widely attributed to geothermal energy (with Grecian words geo meaning earth and therm for heat) and is treated as a remarkable alternative to fossil fuels or other non-renewable ene

Preparation and Assessment in a Large Urban Primary School Essay

Preparation and Assessment in a vainglorious Urban Primary School - Essay ExampleThe evidence would suggest that the difficulties that have arisen ar significant, save not serious - and that they can be addressed. (cf Rollinson, 2002, pp254-5). However, given that the difficulties pertaining to the softer human relations aspect of people management, which authors such as McGarvey (1997) and Lamp (1998) argue can fester if left unresolved, it is considered important that action to address the difficulties is taken. Recommendations for action are put forward below. In particular, schools are an essential feature of the public service infrastructure and as such have had to respond continuously to diverse consumer needs and a highly politicised agenda of presidential term reform. This report describes one schools response to a recent DfES initiative and the difficulties encountered as a result of that response. It analyses those difficulties from the perspectives of the structural o rganization, culture and leadership style. As part of its Raising Standards/Reducing Workload agendum (DfES,2002) the government has placed schools under a legal obligation to provide all teachers with 10% non-contact term for planning, preparation and assessment (PPA) duties. However, no accompanying directive has been issued as to how this may be achieved. The government has further provided advisory guidelines suggesting that teacher release might be secured through the use of additional teaching staff, higher(prenominal) Level Teaching Assistants (a newly created tier of teaching assistants who have attained recognized accreditation), Cover Assistants or specialist tutors and sports coaches.

Artemis Sports Wear Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Artemis Sports Wear - grammatical case Study ExampleBasically outsourcing means that products and operations are conducted to outside vendors that have expertise in a particular area. The aim may be to reduce costs by saving on personnel benefits, reduce personnel, or to be able to reassign employees to other tasks that are more important. It enables firms to steering on its core competencies and let outside firms do what these firms can do best. Outsourcing has become cost acidulous approach to several(prenominal) firms yet it sometimes does not meet its expectations. Consultants often promise 20-40% savings unless the average savings are about 9% (Byrne, 1996). Companies like Apple computer Inc. has sourced its system and lucre engineering, telecommunications and help-desk overhauls to Canadian firm. GM, Chrysler, Proctor & Gamble and lots of companies are outsourcing their operational processes to Latin America, china, India and other acclivitous nations. ASW is thinking of long-term growth and augment value to shareholders. So it has to develop long-term relationship to its process providers who are now present globally. By outsourcing IT services of Global service provider results in edged cost considerably. To outsource the billing system and communication system ASW has to include it within IT services because two the operations are predominantly information orientation and easier to be included in the initial phase. This shout considerably cut cost of operations for ASW. Basically billing is a tedious job and unavoidably more and more information exchange between company and customers and one has to track the information, which ultimately impoverishment more and more people. After outsourcing the whole process ASW could concentrate on other operations and trim employees could be retrained and redeployed to other productive activities. ASW also needs to outsource its production process to global service providers from the emerging economi es where the skilled labour force is predominantly cheaper. Cheaper labour force cut the cost considerably. ASW has proposed to outsource its other activities like customer services and HR activities in near future. Though outsourcing of HR activities involve employees considerably and cut the workforce by 54% and it has the potential for employee resentment and affect productivity as well as motivation adversely. Thats why ASW proposed to outsource it in the last. Apart from outsourcing the polar operations, ASW has to study different various methods to improve productivity like Value engineering, Total Quality Management (Puffer and McCarthy, 1996), and lean manufacturing (Womack, Jones and Roos, 1990). at that place is a downside to outsourcing. A company may be locked into a contract and may become in any case dependent on contractors. Where the unions are strong in sourcing could take place as in several organizations like VW (Volkswagen) and General Motors. So before movin g to outsource the operational processes, ASW has to analyze the whole blank space and should take a holistic view. It should not follow the trend blindly. ASW has the main aim to cut the cost and provide best to their customers and value to shareholders not at the employee expense. So it must analyze the whole blank space and outsource its operational processes carefully, systematically and wisely. References 1. Byrne, A. John (1996) Has outsourcing gone to fat Business

Steady- State Economics and Environmental Philosophy Research Paper

Steady- suppose Economics and Environmental Philosophy - Research Paper ExampleHere Mill postulated for a future(a) where an informed human community could reign in the increasing population to achieve a at ease standard of living and then look outwardly toward realign social issues. John Maynard Keynes, an influential economist of the twentieth deoxycytidine monophosphate, also referred to a society that could focus on ends (happiness and well-being) rather than means (economic growth and one-on-one pursuit of profit). Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen recognized the connection between physical laws and economic activity and wrote about it in 1971 in The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. His insight was that the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy law, determines what is possible in the economy. Georgescu-Roegen explained that useful, low-entropy elan vital and materials are dissipated in transformations that occur in economic processes, and they return to the environment a s high-entropy wastes. The economy, then, functions as a conduit for converting natural resources into goods, services, human satisfaction, and waste products. Increasing entropy in the economy sets the limit on the scale it can achieve and maintain. Increase in environmental problems witnessed in the early sixties and their documentation by scientists in books such(prenominal) as Rachel Carsons Silent Spring (1962), Barry Commoners The resolution Circle (1971), and The Limits to Growth (Donnella Meadows et al. 1972) led to concerns of ecology and natural resource depletion and pollution.Out of this arose the in the final decades of the 20th century the discipline of ecological economics that envisaged the combining of environmental protection and economic sustainability. Environmental philosophy straightaway started to become an integral factor in exclusively growth and development strategies. The concept of a firm conjure up or equilibrium as defined in ecological science r efers to a recount of a system which interacts inside its multiple trophic levels such that there is a flow of postal code and cycling of matter. This steady state equilibrium has over the centuries assumed to have encompassed the entire planet such that the fluctuations in one trophic level resonated into the next and so on until an excited system vibrated within its amplitude of disturbance releasing and absorbing its energy flow within predetermined sinks to once once more attain its equilibrium. Therefore it may be said that the earth has been in a steady state for centuries. The natural resources that took years to build in the form of fossil fuels, soil systems, the water and the mineral cycles, the biodiversity all remained within the limits of regeneration, replenishment and revival. With the advent of industrialization in the last century and the so called development within the cost benefit ratios of unlimited growth,a cycle of natural resource exploitation commenced..G lobal economic output surged near 18-fold between 1900 and 2000 and reached $66 trillion in 2006(Gardner and Prugh, 2008). An annual assessment of the most significant risks to the worlds economies commissioned by the business-sponsored World Economic Forum found that many of the 23 diverse risks did not exist at the global level twenty five years ago. These included environmental risks such as climate change, the strain on freshwater

Asian American Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Asian American Stereotypes actPertaining to Tracy Lais article titled, Asian American Women, Lai discusses how stereotypes dehumanize people while turning them into objects to be manipulated. Lai touches on the point of how Asian people and cultures be separate as beingness inferior and exotic. The problem that Lai brings to our attention is that it is a struggle to be an Asian in America due to the fact that Asians have been denied political, economic and societal equality in America.Lai also brings to our attention the die hard myth that Asians have made it in America, which is far from the truth. I sense that Lais argument is extremely effective due to the fact that stereotypes argon non only seen among Asians, they are also seen in many an(prenominal) other cultures and genders. For instance, women for years were battling for womans equality to be adapted to vote, and today women are still battling for equality in political and economic areas.In addition, African Am ericans are still trying to be accepted into certain political roles throughout our society. Since Tracy Lai is a Asian in America I come up that her argument holds great validity due to the fact that Lai shared her avouch personal experiences. By reading Lais personal feelings, it allowed me to understand her beliefs to a greater extent because I was satisfactory to see where she was coming from. Certainly I agree with Lais views because I have noticed that Asians are render as being inferior.For example, if you have ever seen a movie or a television understand that had an Asian character, nine times out of ten the Asian character is depicted as being mathematicians, naive, and speaks with broken English. I have also noticed that there are very few Asian politicians, as well as very few women politicians, within our culture. I do not hunch forward if this problem stems from Asian Americans not having a historical/authoritative figure alike(p) Dr. Martin Luther King represent ing African Americans, and Susan B. Anthony representing womans rights to vote.However, I do know that Asians do not receive the same types of opportunities as others because they have been stereotyped for so long as being inferior. In addition, I feel that the reason why Asians whitethorn be seen as inferior individuals is because they were one of the last cultures to start a movement for equality that was inspire by other ethnic cultures. Because of this somewhat late movement, our culture has not been able to adapt to this change, like our culture has not adapted to women being paid the same as men.Lai brought to my attention that Asians are claimed to hold dear education more than other minorities and Asians are said to have special intellectual affinities for math and science. Lai proceeded to levy the point that this is a racist rationale because this is implying that other cultures are not able to succeed in this type of area. For instance, I can relate to this statement b ecause African Americans are said to be drop in athletics, and they are also believed to have a higher vertical leap than others.I was pique when I heard this because I received a scholarship to Sacramento State for high jumping, and I am not African American. This example just goes to show you that stereotypes do dehumanize people and turns them into something they are not. In retrospect, Asians and other cultures are being denied political, economic, and social equality which is not equitable to these people. I feel that by reading Lais article has made me realize that stereotyping has no boundaries, because it is occurring in many different cultures and it is effecting many different people.

Muslim Night Essay Example for Free

Islamic Night EssayAn event called Muslim Night was held on Saturday, May 7, at MLIC 3rd Floor, IUJ. This annual event starting from 7 pm was initiated and implemented by Muslim Student Association (MSA). Some of students at IUJ come from Muslim countries they argon from Soth East countries Indonesia and Malaysia Middle East Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan in the south Asia Bangladesh, Pakistan and Africa Sudan. Those countries have a value or culture influenced by Islam. Entitled Muslim heritage in our world, the event is expected to be cross-cultural discernment and value sharing for Muslim. Muslim culture has many heritages to the world, especially some inventions that s manger used till today. The inventions are from many aspects much(prenominal) as economy, science, engineer,etc. A short opening speech was delivered by professor Ahmed. He said that more than 3 billion people in the world hold Islam.This contributes material influenc e to enrich world culture added he. Islamic values cannot be separated from the way of Muslim life. Islam which means submission brings stayful to any human beings. This is reflected from Islamic greeting Assalamualaikum which means to give peace upon to the addressee. The President of MSA Nur Adib Najamuddin in this occasion said that (mohon diisi ya mas, maaf waktu saya lagi moto di luar) President of IUJ, Masakatsu Mori through his email is welcome this event. However, he was absentminded due to his scheduled appointments in Tokyo. This event is open for all IUJs community. More than 250 participants student, staff, and faculty members were get together in. Much in frame of referenceation about Islamic values and culture are available in the form of booklet and poster.Nasheed song describing Islamic culture was heard during the event. The Muslim Night 2011 provided some activities such as (1) a short movie presentation with the title 1001 Inventions and the Library of Secret s which tells about pioneering scientists and engineers from the history of Muslim civilization, such as Al Zahrawi, Al Jazari, and others. The film starred by Sir Ben Kinsley has won Cannes Festival France 2010 for best educational film and New York Film Festival 2010 as the best movie. (2) Islamic corner provided a unload writing name in Arabic calligraphy for the participants and it was recorded that almost 200 participants wanted to be written their name in Arabic, (3) and ethnic food and drinks from various Muslim countries, such as South East Asia, Middle Asia, and South Asia.

Making sense of data Essay Example for Free

Making sense of data EssayThis is delinquent to the atoms of the metal gaining kinetic energy. As they move faster they collide with passing electrons, inhibiting their passage. This creates not only impedance, that also more(prenominal) heat as electrons try to get rid of their energy. Considering all factors, I esteem that the results still clearly portray that on that point is a positive correlation surrounded by the length of equip and resistance. The resistance of the metal can be calculated by using RL=k Where R is resistance L is length K is the constant of resistivity (The ability of a metal to conduct). To maximise accuracy, I will use the point closest to the line of best fit to calculate this value. RL=k 200. 7=k 14? m=k This figure is a very rough approximation ascribable to the Inaccuracy of the equipment used. Experiment 2 Cross-sectional Area and Resistance The purpose of this experiment is to prove the relationship among cross-sectional area and resista nce. As the cross-sectional area increases, the resistance should decrease. This should happen because there will be more room for the electrons to flow through the metal.There will be fewer collisions, thus less(prenominal) resistance. This experiment was conducted by using multiple strands of wire, side by side. In order to calculate the heart and soul cross-sectional area, the number of strands multiplied the cross-sectional area of one strand. Note Where the AreOhms column says E, this refers to Exp or x10-4 ect. cross-section(a) Area (m ) Amps (mA) Volts(V) Ohms(? ) Area(m )Ohms(? ) Inv 0The cross-sectional area of wire used was 3310 cm, and the length was 1m for every trial. Using data from the supra table Yet again the resistivity can be calculated, this time using the equationR = ? L A Where R is resistance ?m A graph to show the relationship between 1/R and Cross-sectional Area The positive correlation illustrates the proportionality between 1/R and the cross sectional ar ea. The straight line is due to 1/R being the inverse of R. rather of the resistance decreasing as the area increases on the graph, it makes both axes increase. This makes it easier to extract trends and identify errors. Also the infantile fixation of plots can be calculated. The regression of this particular line is 9. 919. This implies that the results plotted are al most(prenominal) perfect, that being 1.This exemplifies that there is definitely a relationship between the cross-sectional area of wire and the resistance. I would imagine that the flake errors are systematic. Small miss-calibrations in the equipment could lead to such errors, and using analogue meters would definitely contribute to this demonstration In conclusion, both experiments have proven the relationships between the dimensional properties and resistance of wire. In each experiment, the resistivity of the wire was calculated. As it is a constant, it should always be the same for that particular wire.Howeve r, the resultant values arent incredibly similar. This may be due to the fact that Nichrome is an impure metal. Composed of both Chrome and Nickel, it may be un-uniformly proportioned, thus giving a different resistance. I would consider the second value to be the most accurate due to the fact that the line of regression on the graph is very close to 1 (perfect). It is very evident that there was a much larger error margin for the first check off of results which could also be due to lack of accuracy when measuring lengths of wire.Calculating is a much more reliable method, as illustrated in the cross-sectional area experiment. If I were to improve the experiment, I would use digital meters, which will have a much higher resolution and accuracy. To further the integrity of my results I would batten that all measurements are made accurate and exact.As Physics Making Sense of Data Coursework 1 Calvin Stewart 22/04/2002 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This st udent written scrap of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

Key Skill Essay Example for Free

Key Skill EssayEn positive(predicate) your work is accurate and clear and is saved suitablyYou postulate to turn out achieved Key Skills 9 and 10. In addition your teacher needs to have confirm that the work is both accurate and clear. This means they need to have supplied a written statement utter that the work is accurate. They can non do this is there atomic number 18 any mistakes so check the work clearly.Advantages and Disadvantages of utilize ICT for this projectionDemonstrate sack outledge of how IT can dish out you in your work and be able to compare your work of IT with other methodsYou need to write ab pop out how IT helped you to produce your presentation. This might include spell-check making sure that the oral communication were spelt correctly, or the use of cut and paste to move objects around the page to try out different layouts.The second part of this Key Skill needs you to write just about how else you might have done this presentation. You need t o compare creating computer generated presentation with another method maybe utilise a pen and pencil.The advantages and disadvantages of using ITYou need to list at least two advantages and two disadvantage of using IT to write the story. Example You might have used a pen and paper. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a pen and paper to write the story against using a computer?You must make sure that you have covered both the advantages and the disadvantages.ExampleDisadvantages might include cost of hardware software and peripherals or time spent learning how to use the programs needed to search, find and use informationThe Importance of right of first publication and ConfidentialityWhen it is necessary to observe right of first publication or confidentialityYou need to write a few lines about copyright what it is and how it affects you and the pictures you have found on the internet and CD/Clipart. You can present screen shots from the site viewing copyright in formation or copies of emails sent and receiving permission to use graphics, text and photographsYou can write about confidentiality what it is and how it does/does not affect you. You could refer to the lack of personal information and the fact that the Data Protection forge (1998) does not affect you.ExampleYou have not used pictures of yourself or other young heap which could identify themError Handling and Virus ProtectionHow to identify errors and their causes You testament need to show, using screenshots, of errors and how to drub them. This can show the use of the office assistant, or searching for a web page that returns a not known error. It could be a picture of the spell check identifying a spelling error.How to downplay risks from virusesYou will need to provide a description of how to avoid getting viruses from floppy disks or from earnings downloads, including the purpose and use of virus checkers and how they prevent and remove a virus.A couple of paragraphs a re all that is required.Health and Safety MattersWork safely and take care of equipment, avoid losing information and know how to get help when dealing with errorsYou will need to write a paragraph about taking care of equipment e.g. storage of disksYou must not put your disks near a magnet as this will delete the content, not throwing them aroundAvoiding loss of information e.g. use of AutoSave or backup.Saving information onto disks as well as the account at schoolObtaining help e.g. on-line help, telephone support or teacher assistance. I could not work out how to adjust the margins so I used the online help (screenshots here)You need to show (through screenshots) that you have backed up your files.How to work safely and minimise health risksYou need to write a short paragraph about two health and two safety risks gnarly in using computers.You may write about the use of anti-glare screens and taking a break from using the computer to rest your eyes or wrists. You may write about repetitive strain injuries from not having the correct keyboard and backache from not having the correct chair. Think about the rules in your computer room not imbibing in a computer room, trailing cables or bags in the aisle.

Persuasive paper Essay Example for Free

coaxing paper EssayIs it right to die? I would state the question in another format, is at that place a right to die? It is the most arduous question to receive an answer as we boil d hold on mickle suffering from diametrical conditions, be it psychological, physical or emotional, that beyond doubt, invite lead to terminal illness. I cannot give a straight yes or a straight no. The turn over has been so hot in several nations. Several stakeholders ar considering going the Oregon way. The whole compete foc handlings on suicide. By way of philosophy and other disciplines of ethics, it is very difficult to judge whether suicide is falsely or right. It has hitherto paused hard questions that get diverse responds from disparate persons. These persons can be philosophers from different eras, different geographical regions, and customs. It is further mesmerizing that those of the same times, similar traditions, and even same places arrive at different answers as pertains th is very subject.If mercy killing was to be made legal, there argon no criteria that can be used to determine the very genuine cases. Those people who proposes this human activityion, as they define the rights of a person focuses narrowly on the normal cases only an adult person, who is in his or her right mind, acting in their give volition, putting in consideration his or her own possessions or those entrusted to this person. I would therefore question the foundation for determining the abnormal circumstances, and the limits that are sensible in todays cultural situation.In this, we gauge of the slippery slope concern, soon many cases depart transit to explicit murder. We result not have guarantee for people who instigate murder and claim that the people they killed were more than testamenting to die. The people that will f every as victims of this murder are the disable, disadvantaged, or those considered to be undesirable in the society those who are a burden to their make outgivers or even the state, which should be obliged to giving indiscriminate care to all groups of people.Goldberg (n. d), states that, Thus, many U. S. ommentators fear that, if assisted suicide and euthanasia were legalized, death would be inflicted unwillingly on disabled, disadvantaged, or otherwise undesirable individuals who might be considered a burden by their caregivers or the state (Goldberg, n. d). He continues to say that Biased physicians, family members, or managed care organizations might consciously or subconsciously influence difficult or expensive patients to take advantage of assisted suicide (Goldberg, n. d). It is also clear that no serviceman endeavour is immune of abuse. This will make the Oregon requirement difficult to trust.Even acting on ones own volition is still not good because many patients may act quickly without enough information of existing medical care, thinking that their fate is just death. So why wont we restrict the persons autonomy til l the person is fully informed? sentiment this way will definitely call for not legalising euthanasia. John Stuart lurk gives an example of person who wants to blow a broken bridge, as he concludes he says that this person would not really continue to do that if he is fully informed about the dangers of going that way (Mill, 2005).The other concern that we have is that this place will be in total contradiction with the present physicians role as healer. It is a consideration that physicians should always do their best to save lives and not destroy them at all. The physicians role should be expressage to saving lives as it has been over time. Legalizing euthanasia means that the physicians role is broadened to the point of the patients inspire in the maters concerning their own health and ways they want it to be handled.This will arouse the craving of patients to commit suicide and intromit many cases that would otherwise be alleviated, to run to the worst. Still on the issue of rights, every one has a right that is inherent in nature and anyone should not interfere with the individuals rights. People should therefore exercise their own rights without interfering with others and no one should interfere with the autonomy of this individual. As we say that rights are inherent in an individual, we are saying that these person posses this rights because of the life that he has.Without this life, the rights he claims to have are null and void. This takes us to the point that no one should interfere with the life because it is the carrier of this same rights. Mill states that, But by selling himself for a slave, he abdicates his liberty he forgoes any future use of it, beyond that single act (Mill, 2005, pp 67). He continues to say, He therefore defeats, in his own case, the very persona which is the justification of allowing him to dispose of himself (Mill, 2005, pp 67).In our case the person who decides to die no yearner has the autonomy that we advocate to give in allowing them to die. The person defeats his own reason for wanting to die. Mill continues to say, He is no longer free but is thenceforth in a position which has no longer the presumption in its favor, that would be afforded by his voluntarily remaining in it (Mill, 2005, pp 67). He concludes on this matter that, The principle of emancipation cannot require that he should be free not to be free, it is not liberty, to be allowed to alienate his freedom (Mill, p 67).If we have to protect the autonomy of individuals then we should protect their lives too. We can still work without euthanasia because many of our physicians have worked hard and are still working hard to come up will the best alleviative care for the terminally ill people. Under good circumstances of proper palliative care, this practice will be unnecessary. This care can conserve the dignity of terminally ill people till they die. It is therefore our responsibility to give them this care rather than to help them kill themselves, which is not dignified at all (Chochinov, 2002).Though, the numbers of people supporting euthanasia is growing with time, everyone should think about the above-discussed concerns. This will help each one of us know that we are capable of giving good care to terminally ill patients without letting them die suicidal deaths. We can think it right that allowing them to die is actually denying them their autonomy, and hence the inherent rights. We should always strive to give perfect care than to kill.

Compare and Contrast 1984-Brave New World Essay Example for Free

Comp be and Contrast 1984-Brave bleak universe of discourse Essay Do you see, then, what kind of world we are creating? (Orwell, 1950 p. 267)George Orwell, author of 1984 released in 1950, present the composition of a high society that proves to be a dystopia as it is completely based on guardianship and seldom does one see happiness while in the other hand, Aldous Huxleys Brave New World presents the view of a functional utopia were feelings are destroyed and no one is un intelligent because they dont know happiness just now all this could change by the hands of one popcast. These dickens societies rule in different behaviors-one through fear and the other through psychological and physical manipulation- present victorious ways to maintain order and power, although they differ greatly and outcasts choose different aims and uses. In a society where fear is predominant, physical and mental capacities reach a stagnant state as the will to resist and loyalty depart pr edominant. In a different society where men are created to the liking of their rulers and are controlled with drugs instead of fear, the meaning of a utopia give the bounce disappear but yet subjects will think everything is perfect. purgetually a sense of false equality, manipulation, and fear allow total and utter control. In societies like the ones visualized in these two books, nothing is perfect and nothing is true. Members of these communities undersidenot know what is true because this will stimulate them become dangerous to their leaders. The use of fear in 1984 and the idea of Big familiar facilite control as the idea of constant surveillance and Thought Police puts everything a member of this society does to the test and when they make a false move, they know they are done for.The scene where Winston talks about two plus two not being for or if Gravity is a military group that works really depicts the kind of fear installed by the party. The heresy of heresies was c ommon sense. And what was terrifying was not only that they would kill you for thinking otherwise, but that they might be right. For, after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or that the force of gravity works? (Orwell, 1950 p. 80). As explained by the quote, doubting whatever the party said could end up in negative ramifications. It is incredible how people can adjust to these changes.Things that seem so simple be questioned and believed, which is even worse. The mutability of the partys adherents is astonishing as they change whenever the part needs them to honour the most(prenominal) ridiculous ideas as if they were normal and all of this is achieved through fear. Winston also mentions the fact that your mind can fail you. The most deadly danger of all was talking in your sleep. There was no way of guarding against that, so far as he could see. (Orwell, 1950 p. 64). Even thinking erroneously about the parties flaws and going against their ideas can be lethal as sleep talking cannot be controlled and can always be heard.The third gear example of fear and its installment in Winstons mind is when he receives the letter from Julia. One, much the more likely, was that the girl was an agent of the Thought Police () the thing that was written on the paper might be a threat, a summon, an order to commit suicide, a trap of some description. (Orwell, 1950 p. 106). This displays how fear can make something normal seem completely hazardous and how reliance on others can be purged as you do not know what to expect from whatsoeverone. Even though people may be unhappy, this demonstrates to be no-hit as no one goes against the status quo.In contrast to 1984, Brave New World doesnt need fear since if they want change, they create new beings to change or just bring out soma but still, control is maintained. Physical and psychological manipulation gives a sense of order even though it is non-existent, and drug use maintains a false control that seems al right to everyone inside that sphere however, when person notices this false control, he will become a problem. In Huxleys Brave New World, which is supposed to be a Utopia, equality is not present and this is what a utopia is supposed to be about.Within the favorable classes, the top ones still think of the lower ones as useless and basically inferior. Lenina demonstrates this through the following quote. What a hideous colour khaki is, remarked Lenina, voicing the hypnopaedic prejudices of her caste. (Huxley, 1946, p. 42). This quote demonstrates that even messages coming from the government promote fissiparous ideas and at the same time they promote equality. Drug use and psychological manipulation allows this to maintain epsilons happy with how they are, also maintaining absolute control over society.Hypnopaedia as seen before, doesnt always promote the values of a Utopia as it should. Another hypnopaedic message demonstrating this is Every one works for everyone else. We c ant do without any one. Even Epsilons are useful. We couldnt do without Epsilons. Every one works for everyone else. We cant do without anyone. (Huxley, 1946, p. 50). The use of Soma is a very important factor as it is a way of escaping the verity of a supposed utopia that in reality is everything but a utopia. Why you dont eat up soma when you have these dreadful ideas of yours. Youd forget all about them. And instead of feeling miserable, youd be jolly.So jolly, she repeated and smiled () (Huxley, 1946, p. 62). It is very important to work how this manner of control still proves to be successful and allows organization for the government to preserve. Whether its installing fear, secret organizations, and complete surveillance or real creating subjects, it is evident that both methods are thriving as they sustain order and undemanding management of society. Winston, who was the brain and heart of change in 1984 , ended up failing and the idea, person, or whatever Big Brother is, who he hated the most actually ended up taking over him and it is mentioned in the novel.He won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. (Orwell, 1950 p. 268) The only man who was capable of causing change and denouncing the artificiality his government was based on. Fear has now proved to be a functioning method of control. In comparison to Brave New World, the outsider and only man capable of making others realize the lie they lived in ended up killing himself. Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried grip needles, the feet turned towards the right north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south- west then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left.South-south-west, south, south-east, east.. (Huxley, 1946 p. 176) This also verifies the effectiveness of this method and according to this, both men failed to change the status quo. By the end of both novels, no change was made and both fear and manipulation proved to be effectiv e ways of maintaining control. As the predominance of both fear and manipulation grow, methods of changing society and its governing body method become scarce and even those who go to extremes find themselves with unfeasible situations where physical and mental susceptibility will be pushed to new limits but yet, not enough to revolutionize their societies.This is mainly due to most of those who have been subjected and accepted the reality in which they live in, which is what both Winston and John go through but their ways to accept it, were vastly different. Even though there are some with strong minds and others who have not been toyed with, it will never be enough to fight fear nor manipulation of the human being.

Districts of Dickens London Essay Example for Free

Districts of Dickens London EssayCharles Dickens was born on Friday 7th February 1812 at Portsmouth. His father John Dickens continu all(prenominal)y living beyond his means and indeed was finally imprisoned in 1824. 12 year old Charles was removed from school and sent to engagement in a factory the most terrible period of his life, this child hood poverty and reverse influenced dickens later views on social reform in a country in the throes of the industrial revolution. In the Victorian age queen Victoria was on the throne and reigned over an empire, we were seen as very(prenominal) strong and powerful. All the British people became very arrogant and we thought we were more superior to the residue of the world. In the workhouse north of London a young woman who has arrived in an exhausted conditions gives birth to a boy, and dies. Looked after over by the ill-natured Mrs Corney. Mr bumble, transfers him aged nine to the workhouse itself and he is set to work choose oakum. When Oliver causes many trouble by asking for some more food the authorities decide to go under Oliver into the trade.He becomes apprenticed to Sowerberry, an undertaker. Another apprentice Noah Claypole insults Olivers dead mother, Oliver attacks him and is cruelly punished by the Sowerberrys. He runs out to London, and in Barnet he meets with a boy thief, Jack Dawkins, The Artful Dodger, a fellow member of a cutpurse gang run by Fagin, a Jew. Oliver is horrified to see them pick pocket of an old gentleman, Mr Brownlow, at a book stall, runs away, and is captured and interpreted before a magistrates and the bookstall keeper has seen the true robbers.Oliver is taken to MR Brownlows house in Pentonville, where the housekeeper, Mrs Bedwin, nurses him through an illness. He is treated with kindness and affection for the first time in his life and is delighted. But Fagin plots to recapture him. He engages Bill Sikes, a brutal robber, and Nancy, his mistress, also a member of the g ang, to bring Oliver back. Sikes takes Oliver by night to Chertsey to carry out a robbery on the house of a Mrs Maylie. When the alarm is given Sikes takes fright and escapes, and Oliver is shot and wounded.Mrs Maylie and her adopted niece, Rose, takes him in, and he settles with them, becoming a house crack favourite. Rose passs a serious illness. Mrs Maylies son, Harry arrives on her recovery and begs her to marry him. She refuses. During his good life with the maylies, Oliver catches glimpses of MONKS a sinister man who works with Fagin to try and recapture him. Nancy spread abroads rose about Fagins and Monks conspiracy. Sikes, maddened by Nancys divinatory treachery, rushes back to his own room, awakens her from sleep and clubs her to death.A police raid in which Fagin was arrested. Sikes attempts to escape across the roofs but falls and dies. Oliver returns to Mr Brownlow. Monks, otherwise Edward Leeford, is Olivers half brother. The provisions of fathers will leave speci e to Oliver on conditions that he maintains a spotless reputations, and for this reasons Monks has tried to keep the boy in Fagins gang in order to discredit him. Mr Brownlow because adopts Oliver. The structure of Oliver flatus is full of highs and lows because of the sequence of cliffhangers.The structure of the novel makes it more intriguing when Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist They were published in instalments, the effect of this made the novel more compelling and made the endorser starve for more. The instalments lead to recaps to tie in the events, and the chapter titles worked as a summary of what was going to materialize in each chapter. Dickens narrative technique is known as the third person. The third person uses a vote counter who watches over events, this helps Dickens to deepen the emotions for Oliver because he can describe everything that happens to him.London was seen as the place for work, money and dreams. But there was also a considerable high amount of poverty and hardship, Olivers grievance began in the workhouse and later having to thieve for Fagin in return for shelter and food. Crime doesnt pay, but crime was quite parking lot because of the amount of adversity. Good triumphs over evil, Fagin, Bill Sikes and Monks are im righteous and corrupt. Mr Brownlow Rose Maylie and Nancy were the trustworthy honest citizens.The moral of the the novel shows Fagin being tried and executed for his crimes, Bill Sikes was hunted down and he hung him self seek to escape from the law. Monks confessed to trying to discredit Oliver and has to sign over Olivers inheritance. This proves that crime doesnt pay The London setting in Oliver Twist has distinct wealthy and deprived areas. Kennels over flowing, the noise of traffic increasing as you get nearer to the heart and the roads nearly ankle deep with filth and mire, are just some of the problems facing the unfortunateer, slum districts of Dickens London.London is very important in the novel b ecause Dickens uses the every day reality he witnessed to make a social comment about the rich and the worthless areas. London is also viewed as a big adventure to the young Oliver and yet in Londons sinful world, dirty deeds take place in the dark, gloomy, dismal surroundings that Dickens describes and it is here in this place of dirty squalor that where all the bad behaviour fits. London is the key, which changes Oliver. His dark and bleak emotions pertain the locations and this is because of the grim surroundings.The cold, wet shelter less midnight streets of London is meant to make the reader feel depressed and big for Oliver and show you the reality of London. As Dickens saw it. The historical and cultural text of the novel tells the reader about the miserable reality. Dickens knew that many of his readers had a lack of sense of humour you can tell this by the way Dickens wrote because he included scenes of reality rather than humorous clips. Original readers would of reac ted strongly to the setting and some found the descriptions unpleasant and too detailed.The links between crime and poverty are that in many cases people have to steel to live. Dickens showed the injustice between the wealthy and the poor, and how the poor were badly treated and living in slum housing Dickens also responded to this by verbal expression that crime really does exists such as Jack Dawkins, Fagin, and Bill Sikes should be painted in all their wretchedness, in all their deformity and in all their squalid misery of their lives, to show them as they really are, for ever skulking uneasily through the dirtiest paths of life.When Oliver was young he lived in a workhouse, it was an extremely noble and uncompromising place. The staff that ran the institute were ruthless, threatening and harsh. They treated the inmates badly and inadequately. They worked long hours, with little poor choice food. The staffs were more often than not corrupt eating and drinking luxuriously whil st the inmates starve.

The Social Norms Essay Example for Free

The Social Norms EssayI chose to break the social norm in an facelift as my experiment. I chose this so that I could actually combine two social norms into cardinal. I chose to dead end backward in the elevator and when there were numerous people in the elevator, but I ruling it would be more interesting if I stood very close to the psyche instead of facing backward when there was just one person in the elevator. The independent vari sufficients in my experiment were gender of the person that I stood close to, the amount of time we had together in the elevator, and of coarse the number of people in the elevator and how many stops were made. I began to measure the vogue people reacted to when I invaded their blank shell in an elevator, which was nearly empty. I also measured what would happen when a person would be just getting on and my back would be towards them. My hypothesis was that the people that I stood close to would actually move because they had space to, and could actually ask me what I was doing. My other hypothesis is that no one would react to my facing the pivotal direction but they would stare and stare hard.When the elevator doors opened and I noticed that only one person was on the elevator walked right in with an abrupt step. Usually the person was on every the right side or the left and never really in the middle. I then proceeded to sum up a floor number just higher than theirs and stand directly next to them, but the in all while keeping silent. To no surprise the people became uncomfortable and tried to in an unobvious way move away. They tended to look at me very annoyed and more or less would actually blatantly reject me. nearly of the people that were rude were women about the same age as I was. I think that they may have thought that I was mocking them in some way.Now when I faced backwards in the elevator people seemed not to make very many gestures or movement. They although did stare and approve what I was doi ng like my hypothesis stated but they never really did much. It wasnt until people began to get on while I was already in the backwards position did it occur. The ones getting on the elevator steered eject of my area even when the other side was crowded, they tended to single me out from the rest and make sure that I was not next to them. Later in the experiment a man said to me, are you doing that for some kind of experiment, and of coarse I said yes and decided that it was time for me to end my experimentation. I was actually able to accept my hypothesis, although it was somewhat of an easy hypothesis to generate. I think it may have been a puny varied if the environment I was in was not on campus. The actual size of the elevator restrain my results and the fact that I was doing the experimentation in the PLC limited what kind of people I had to be with. If I were to do the experiment again I would go to a hotel where there are all sorts of different people.

A Global Language Essay Example for Free

A Global Language EssayAs a Untied States citizen, side of meat is the commencement spoken communication of any American citizen. If we add an early(a) foregin linguistic communication to the criteria of our nation, The United States would not be a mixed diversity of race anymore. The Ethnicity would be the same, but our race would be different. For example, The United States of America has been a diverse country with many races such as, American, African American, Hispanic, Chinese, etc. As the generation ages, the country should be open to learning a new languages. When a language acquires a global identity as side has d angiotensin-converting enzyme, many unexpected things can happen. The two main conflicting issues that have come turn up as a problem ar identity and internationalism. Internationalism here means the ability for a language to be understood. It calls for a standard that is agreed in terms of grammar, vocabulary, spelling, punctuations and the conventions o f its use. There is no mistrust whatsoever about English being a global language in these times we are leaving in.It has fabricate the language of communication and technology and any one who does not want to be left behind in all this has no option but to learn it and eventually English speakers in the coming years will increase extremely. This in itself will disadvantage the native English speakers as they will be outnumbered by the non-native English speakers. They will be the only ones speaking one language as they will see no reason in learning a turn language. With time the English language will be controlled be the many non-native speakers who will have become competent in it.The language will then diversify into many versions that will then postulate about a lesser understanding than it was initially intended. Communication is the most phenomenal factor in the live of human beings and this has been greatly advanced by the existence of global language. This is language th at is used beyond the borders of a single country and this has named understandings among the countries. A global language is sometimes known as spit franca and includes French, English, Latin, and German among others.Having such a language is sometimes beneficial and may in any case be noxious to those who are using it. This discussion will explore the instances where English as a global language is overridden by disadvantages. It is important to note that most of people use English as their second language besides their native language. People whose English as their mother-tongue language have an advantage over the other group of people since they easily develop the ability to manipulate the language.This will however be negative to the other speakers who have English as their second language and will have many problems and drive away most of their time trying to master the language. Dominance of English as a language also creates the notion in the minds of many people that their native language is not important and unnecessary. This will create a room of discrimination of the minor groups in the society and further enhance it because language in most cases is used as an identity. This may make the threatened individuals to abandon their language thus enhancing extinction.

Constitution in Kenya Essay Example for Free

organization in Kenya Essay1.1 origi kingdomThe zymosis for a unseasoned character in Kenya was informed by various past historic injustices ranging from economic, social, cultural and elegant to semipolitical matters. At the political level, issues on centralized and ironfisted governance kept soda water year in year out. The passage of the governance of Kenya, 2010 on 4 August, 2010 and its subsequent promulgation on the 27 August, 2010 arguably ushered in a new dawn in Kenya not lone or so(prenominal) in governance but also in the various sectors of the Kenyan orderliness.1 Its adoption has been taunted as the greatest milepost Kenyans wealthy somebody ever achieved other(a) than attaining independence in 1963. 2 The joy at the enactment of the governing body of Kenya 2010 could not be captured in any other better words than as Justices J. W. MWERA, M. War like and P. M. MWILU did in confederacy of Women practice of lawyers Kenya (FIDA-K) 5 others v attorney familiar another3 where they stated Only last year and in our earlyish maritime history we constructed a great ship and c bothed it our new report. In its structure we put in the finest timbers that could be found.We constructed it according to the best plans, necessitate, comfort and architectural brains available. We tried to address various and vast needs of our society as much as possible. We sent it to the people who ratified it. It was crowned with tremendous supremacy in a referendum exonerateed on 4th August 2010. We achieved a wonderful and defining victory against the REDS. We vanquished them. The aspirations and entrust of solely Kenyans was borne on 27th August 2010. We achieved a rebirth of our Nation. We live come to revere it and point have affection for it. We accomplished a long tedious, torturous and painful chapter in our history. We all told had extraordinary(p) dreams. It is a document miserlyt to fight all kinds of injustices. It is the most sophis ticated weapon in our maritime history. As Kenyans we got and achieved a clean bill of constitutional health. heretofore, the honeymoon is over, it is time to do battle with it.4However, at the open of the 2011/2012 one-year Report of the Commission for the Implementation of the establishment (CIC),5 Mr. Charles Nyachae6 remarked When Kenyans voted for the makeup of Kenya 2010, they voted for change and transformation inthe room delegated sovereign power is deterrent exampled by government. To achieve good governance, there is need for observe for the rule of virtue and a leadershiphip that meets the requirements chapter six of the establishment on leadership and truth. There is no person or institution that is above the institution or is excluded from its requirements. All persons and all state organs argon terminus ad quem by the formation and its linguistic rules.It is therefore disturbing and a recipe for crisis to have individuals and state organs that have fai l ead to respect the piece of music or the law in any form including judgments of the salute. The name for such conduct is impunity and impunity is the antithesis for good governance. Thus, this account delves into how the depicted object prevarication remains the most blatant manifestation of impunity and impediment to the implementation of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. In this paper, the term parliament and National Assembly lead be uptaked interchangeably to refer to one and the same institution.1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF piece of music MAKING IN KENYA iodine of the institutions that were created when individuals entered into civilian society is the Constitution. Mr. John Mutakha Kangu7 succinctly explains that having invented a life of civic and or political society, the next realization was the need for whatsoever form of law and government to regulate the manner in which human beings dealt with separately other.8 He further points out that there was need for rules of engagement which could be used to regulate how members of the society relate, not only with each other but also with the common power.9 The Constitution therefore moderates the hurt and conditions between the people and the government and the relationship between the people themselves. At independence, Kenya adopted the Independence Constitution infra the leadership of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. The most striking feature of this Constitution was the centralized system of government vested in the Presidency.The decision maker dictated what was to happen in the other mail of Government, be it the Legislature or the Judiciary.10 With respect to the Judiciary, the electric chair had the discretion of appointing the Chief Justice and the other members of the superior courtyards of record.11 It is for this reason that some scholars have reason outd that the denomination of judicial officers was shrouded in mystery.12 The legislature acted as a rubber stamp for any executive action.13 The agitation for a new Constitution began inearnest in the 1980s with demands for expanded democratic dummy at a time when Kenya was a single society state by law. Most of the civil society and human rights groups demanded the repeal of plane section 2A of the Constitution that do Kenya a de jure one party state.14 fountain professorship Mois government bowed to this demand and revise s.2A of the repealed Kenyan Constitution thus ushering in a new era of multipartyism in Kenya. In the 1992 elections, the opposition was divided thus ensuring Mois computer storage of power by a simple majority.The Ufungamano Group of 1997 is indicative of a serious demand by civil society groups, human rights activists, opposition leaders and members of the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) for a new Constitution in Kenya.15 The rightfulness Society of Kenya (LSK), the umbrella regulatory body advocates in Kenya, provided Kenya with visual aid and fashioning of the Model Constitution in November 1994 and the governments opposition to the re-writing of the Constitution became weaker. However, it did not make a concession.16 The government had no trust in the ability of Kenyan lawyers to draft a Constitution for Kenya. It was on 1 January 1995 that president Moi announced that he was inviting Western thorough lawyers to assist the country in re-writing the Constitution.The government merely did nobody despite the fact that the pressure for the re judgement to begin was mounting.17 The Western countries were also concerned with the blatant slack in the government towards Constitutional re control yet a lot of agitation for review had been made. In May 1996 when the whence United States Ambassador to Kenya, Aurelie Brazeal visited the then Attorney General, the Honorable Amos Wako, he ably win over the government into conceding that the country needed Constitutional review as a matter of urgency. However despite this concession, no criterion was taken toward s the review surgical procedure.18 It was in 2000 when the government formed the Constitution of Kenya retrospect Commission (CKRC) to spearhead the Constitution review process.19 The commission began its bat in earnest going all over the country requireing and collating views of Kenyans on the Constitution review process. A National Conference was held at the Bomas of Kenya where a draft Constitution that was a product of intense deliberations, compromises and consensus was agreed upon.However, some persons in the Hon. Kibakis government retreated to Kilifi where with help of the then Attorney General, the Honorable Amos Wako, radically altered and mutilated the Bomas draft. Inthe referendum carried out in November 2005, the government suffered a humiliating defeat as the proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly rejected. The rival of this development was a cabinet reshuffle that threw out all cabinet ministers who opposed the Constitution. These members formed a formidable op position group preparing Kenya for the most hotly contested election in the Kenyan history. When elections were held in December 2007, very few Kenyans were anticipating the aftermath of that election. Violence engulfed the country immediately the result for the presidential election was announced on the 30 December 2007 leading to the death of more than 1000 persons and the displacement of thousands of others. Dr. Koffi Annan chaired negotiations aimed at reconciling the two warring parties, the Party of National Unity (PNU) led by President Mwai Kibaki and the orange Democratic Movement (ODM) under the leadership of Hon. Raila Odinga. The negotiations yielded the grand spinal fusion government.The government committed itself to the implementation of all the price and conditions under which the coalition government was founded as dictated by the National Accord and reconciliation solve, 2008.20The most reformative of this was the Agenda Four that demanded of the government to carry out comprehensive reforms on land, the Constitution and other sectors of the Kenyan society. The adoption of a new Constitution was therefore top of the agenda of the coalition government. The Constitution of Kenya Amendment interpret, 2008 was enacted creating a body called the Committee of Experts (CoE) to lead in the writing of a new Constitution. community of Kenyans was also comprehensively provided for in the Act. On the 4 August 2010, the proposed Constitution of Kenya was subjected to a referendum receiving an overwhelming mo of 67 % of the voters.The promulgation of the Constitution on the 27th August 2010 indeed ushered in a new dawn in Kenya.21 One of the institutions that were app atomic number 18ntly aimed at being regulated is the National Assembly. This was informed by the fact that the institution had been used and by extension supplyed itself to be used by the powerful administrator arm to rubberstamp actions that were aimed at any mutilating the Constit ution or gagging the rights of Kenyans.22 Even as late as 2003, the National Assembly wanted to impose a Constitution on Kenyans yet the foundation of a civilized society is that sovereignty belong to the people.23 Were it not for the intervention of the full(prenominal) flirt, the National Assembly could have arrogated to itself thepower to adopt a new Constitution way back in 2004.24PART IIIMPLEMENTING THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA, 2010Many Kenyans sighed with relief when the Constitution was promulgated on 27 August 2010 but a few wise people cautioned that adopting the Constitution is a move in the right direction, implementing it is the big deal.25 It is noteworthy that one of the major players in the Constitution implementation is the National Assembly.26 The big seekingion that this paper seeks to answer is whether the National Assembly has discharged that noble duty as expected. It go forth be illustrious that the National Assembly has confirmed the propositions of Karl Ma rx who in his theory opined that the rich uses the law to protect themselves.27 shipway IN WHICH PARLIAMENT HAS BEEN POSITIVE IN IMPLEMNTING THE CONSTITUTION It would be legally impossible if one was to argue that the National Assembly has done nothing in the implementation of the Constitution for to suggest so would mean the Constitution remains completely un use. This part of the paper highlights the achievements of the said institution which have viewd that the letter and the pump of the Constitution are effectively and faithfully implemented.2.1 EXERCISING OVERSIGHT OVER THE EXECUTIVEOne of the carmine duties of the National Assembly is to exercise checks and balances over the other arms of the government in general and the Executive in particular.28 This follows from the foundation of a civilized society in which it was agreed that a government had to be formed so as to ensure protection of the welfare of all members of the society.29 It was further noted that if all the state power was left to be exercised by one person, then the said person was credibly to be a tyrant.30 It for this reason that Baron De monthesque vehemently argued for a three-armed government so that each of the arms would be a watchdog over the rest.31 It is for this reason that the Constitution of Kenya provides that the National Assembly manifests the diversity of the nation and represents the will of the people.32 The will of the people is said to have been negated when one arm of government makes decisions that are equal to the facial expression and letter of the Constitution.33If there is one act by the Executive that generated more heat in the implementation of the Constitution is the Presidents unilateral appointment of the Chief Justice (CJ), the Director of globe Prosecutions (DPP), the Controller of Budget (CoB) and the Attorney General.34 These appointments met strong resistance from the ODM side of the coalition which felt that the Prime diplomatic minister was not consulted.The press statement released by Hon. James Orengo tells it all.35 Hon. Orengo maintained that the Prime Minister had not been consulted and this amounted to a breach of both the National Accord and the Constitution.36 The bone of contention went from the legality of the appointments to a debate on the meaning of the word consultation. Those in support of the President maintained that consultations need not result in concurrence, whereas those in support of Hon. Orengo were of the converse position.37The National Assembly through its chair, the Speaker of the National Assembly, Hon. Kenneth Otiato Marende, restored sanity by declaring that the appointments were unconstitutional as the President had not consulted the Prime Minister as required by the Constitution and the Accord.38 This marked a bold move from the legislature in reminding the executive that the law had to be followed.2.2 VETTING natural OFFICE HOLDERSIt has been pointed out above that the people of Kenya exercise their sovereignty through representation by the legislature. Vetting involves interviews that are meant to ascertain if the proposed candi visualizes satisfy both the professional and integrity thresholds even up by the Constitution and the enabling laws.39 globe screening of such high ranking state officers40 such as the Chief Justice has seen improve confidence in the Judiciary. The vetting process has also reduced ethnic and regional imbalance in damage of appointments to frequent service. It has at the same time ensured gender e spirit in common appointments.41fantans Constitutional Implementation Oversight Committee (CIOC) unanimously approved the nominations of Dr. Willy Mutunga and Ms.Nancy Barasa as the CJ and DCJ respectively.42 However, the committee faltered when it came to the appointment of Mr. Keriako Tobiko as the DPP.The Parliamentary Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs rejected Mumo Matemu, Prof. Jane Kerubo Onsongo and Irene Cheptoo keino as the Ch airperson of the ethical motive and Antic-Corruption Commission and deputies respectively and asked Parliament to do the same. The chairman of the Parliaments Public Accounts Committee, Dr. Bonny Khalwale tabled documents claiming the Mr.Mumo Matemu had failed to collect sh.2.4 add-inion in tax revenue arrears from a company objet dart at the Kenya Revenue Authority.43This transparent process by the National Assembly marked a departure from the Opaque and non-accountable process of appointments in the past.2.3 ENACTING LEGISLATIONSOne of the major duties of the National Assembly is legislation. Implementing the Constitution demands the enactment of a number of legislations.44 One must extend it to the National Assembly for having risen to the occasion and enacted laws at least at the right timelines. Questions have however been raised on the quality of some of those legislations.45 The point to note is the primary level is the enactment and the quality or otherwise of law is a secondary one depending on the lens of the critique.A bring out achievement of Parliament is the enactment of legislations required under the sixth inventory to the Constitution within the indispensable timelines. These are legislations touching on matters of Election, security and devolution implemented according to their requisite timelines. However, the National Assembly extended the period prescribed for the enactment of the bills relating to Public Finance Management, Land and County Government. The extension of time was to allow time for more comprehensive public intricacy and to address what the respective ministries considered to be contentious issues.By 26 August, 2011 which was exactly a year after the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya 2010, under the fifth schedule to the Constitution and the agreed schedule of bills, the National Assembly had enacted the following pieces of legislation the commanding woo Act, 2011,46 the sovereign electoral and Boundaries Commission Act, 2011,47 the Industrial homage Act, 2011,48 the Urban Areas and Cities Act,49 the Environment and Land Court Act, 2011,50 the National sexual practice and Equality Commission Act, 2011,51 the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2011,52 the Elections Act, 2011,53 the Kenya Citizenship and Immigrations Act,2011,54 the Commission on Revenue Allocation Act, 2011,55 the Power of leniency Act, 2011,56 the Vetting of Judges and Magistrate Act, 2011,57 the Judicial proceeds Act, 2011,58 the self-reliant Offices(Appointment) Act, 2011,59 the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights Act, 2011,60 the Commission on Administrative Justice Act, 2011,61 the policy-making Parties Act, 201162 and the Salaries and Remuneration Commission Act, 2011.63PART IIIPARLIAMENT AS A MANIFESTATION OF IMPUNITY AND IMPEDIMENT TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONWhile Parliament has been instrumental in the production of some key reports and holding the Executive to account, it ha s however been averse to the processes and institutions which seem to be a threat to their selfish political interests. Having given the achievements of Parliament, hereunder are its chief failures. 3.1 MUTILATION OF THE CONSTITUTIONOne of the sad stories of Constitution making in Kenya has been the blatant mutilation of the Constitution by the very same authority that is supposed to protect and back up it. Some have argued that the independence Constitution was one of the most progressive Constitutions of the time64 yet Parliament in its intention to amass power and please the Executive amended it severally.65 One of such amendments is the 1982 amendment to the Constitution that made Kenya a de jure one party state.66 The net effect of this amendment was decreased democratic space which subsequently led to curtailment of other rights such as freedom of expression, freedom ofspeech, and freedom of association. It is noteworthy that Parliament allowed itself to be used by the execut ive to propagate the authoritarian agenda.It was a great expectation that the enactment of the Constitution of Kenya on 27 August 2010 would be an incentive to Parliament to live by the spirit of the law. It has however dawned on Kenyans that enacting the Constitution was just a single step in reforming Kenya. The bigger and challenging step is a comprehensive implementation of the Constitution. If the number of sub-standard legislations that have been passed by Parliament is to be used as a test on whether Parliament has truly lived up to its duty to protect and defend the Constitution, then Kenyans have been taken for a ride. For instance, when Kenyans found it fit to include a chapter on integrity in the Constitution, they expected that the Legislative arm of Government would actualize its implementation by passing laws on integrity that would satisfy the requirements of chapter six of the Constitution.However, as Karl Marx in his Marxist theory puts it the ruling class has conti nued to use the law to propagate its dominance over the lower class Kenyan Members of Parliament (mononuclear phagocyte system) gave a possible application of the Marxist theory67 by watering down the spirit and effect of the Integrity charge.68 The spirit of the Bill was to ensure that only persons of unquestionable character and integrity are appointed or elected to public offices.69 It is a reasonable pre meansption that only persons of high integrity will respect, protect and implement the Constitution yet the current Kenyan system of macrophages intend to preserve the status quo70 by ensuring that the law serves them.71The other legislation that was meant restore sanity by bring discipline in the democratic space in Kenya is the Elections Act. In that regard, one of the historical injustices meted against Kenyans by politicians was the culture of party hopping.72 Party hopping not only encourages undiscipline in political parties but also constrains development of political parties in Kenya. As one of the roles of political parties is to nurture democracy, allowing politicians to join political parties and leave at will is a sure ticket to the driveway leading to death of democracy in Kenya.S.34(8) of the Elections Act, 2011, required that a member should be in the party list on which s/he intends to contest the elections three months onward that list is submitted to the Registrar of Political Parties. In other words, one was to be in the party list by 3 October 2012. However, the amendments by the MPs to s. 34(8) of the Elections Act, 2011 now require parties to submit their lists not later than 4 January 2013. In essence, the amendment means that MPs are free to change political parties until 3 January 2013 which is two months to the elections.The chief mover and champion of the amendment to the Elections Act, Hon. Isaac Ruto, submitted frail arguments in support of the amendments. He is one record as having said restricting persons from changing their political parties was tantamount to their rights to freedom of expression and association and if the Elections Act was not amended it would affect MPs and Councilors.73 He stated Considering the large number of legislators and councilors that may be affected, this provision left unamended is likely to puree if not paralyse these key institutions of governance.74Reasonable as these arguments may sound, they reflect a failure to hear the import of restricting party hopping. It goes against the principle that one cannot have their cake and eat it at the same time.3.2 ATTEMPTING TO CHANGE THE ELECTION DATE bind 101 (1) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 expressly provides that a general election of members of Parliament shall be held on the second Tuesday in August in both fifth year. Kenyans unanimously voted for the Constitution of Kenya 2010 on the understanding that the early general elections under the new constitutional dispensation would be held on 7 August 2012.However , three groups emerged with different dates of the first general election under the new Constitution. The first group was of the view that the date of the election is in the year 2013 and specifically between fifteenth January 2013 and 15th March 2013.The second group was of the view that thedate of the first elections is on the second Tuesday of August 2012 while the third group favoured an election date between October 2012 and December 2012. Meanwhile, Parliament was in the process of enacting the Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Bill, 2011which inter alia sought to amend words 101(1), 136(2), 177(1)(a) and 180(1) so as to alter the date of the next general elections from the second Tuesday of August to third Monday of December. Thus, the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) filed in the autocratic Court of Kenya Re Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission75 seeking an advisory opinion on the date of the general elections under the new Constitution.The Supreme Court considered the matter before it and in its ruling delivered on 15th November 2011 stated, in part, as follows We will be guided by certain principles which have intelligibly emerged from the submissions the mellowed Court is, by Article 165(3) (d) of the Constitution, entrusted with the original jurisdiction to hear and determine any question entailing the interpretation of the Constitution it is the obligation of the Supreme Court, as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution to protect and reinforce the conferment of first-instance jurisdiction upon the High Court especially when the matter in respect of which an advisory opinion is being sought, is pending before the High Court subject to those principles, the Supreme Court will exercise its discretion appropriately, on a case-to-case basis, in accepting requests for an Advisory Opinion.We hereby order and direct as follows (1) We decline to declare that the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to render an advi sory opinion in the instant matter, but decline in exercise of our discretion, to give such an opinion with regard to the date of the next general election. (2) We reserve the reasons to be set out in a ruling upon notice. (3) Responding to the High Courts request of 13th October 2011 for directions, High Court Petition Nos. 123 of 2011, 65 of 2011 and 185 of 2011 shall be placed before the Constitutional and Human Rights Division of that Court, for auditory sense on priority and on a day-to-day basis. (4) The aforesaid petitions shall be listed for mention and directions before the proposition of the High Courts Constitutional and Human Rights Division on 18th November, 2011.At the same time, three Petitions were filed at the Constitutional and HumanRights Division of the High Court with the intention of having the High Court determine the date of the first general election under the new Constitution. The three Petitions were consolidated by the order of Honourable Justice Isaac Lenaola, the Head of the Constitutional and Human Rights Division of the High Court on 18 November 2011 into John Harun Mwau v the Honourable Attorney General and 2 others.76The three Judge bench77 after considering the submissions of counsels for the petitioners, respondents and interested parties, held inter alia The date of the first elections under the Constitution is determined by reference to section 9 and 10 of the Sixth Schedule as follows (a) In the year 2012, within sixty days from the date on which the National Coalition is dissolved by written agreement between the President and Prime Minister in agreement with section 6(b) of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 or (b) Upon the loss of the term of the 10th Parliament on the 5th Anniversary of the day it first sat which is designated by Legal Notice No. 1 of 2008 as 15th January 2008.The term therefore expires on fourteenth January 2013. The elections shall be held within sixty days of 15th January 2013. ( c) The body entitled under the Constitution to lodge the date of the first elections within sixty of the expiry of the term of the National Assembly or upon wantonness of the National Coalition by written agreement between the President and the Prime Minister in accordance with section 6(b) of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 2008 is the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission.In view of the courts finding on the election date, the court did not find it necessary to express its view on the Constitution of Kenya Amendment Bill, 2011 as it also dealt with other issues that were not germane to these proceedings before the court at that particular moment. As legislature was seized of the matter, it would take guidance from the courts decision or act within its constitutional mandate as it may lawfully wish to do. The Justice and Constitutional Affairs Minister accordingly withdrew the Constitutional amendments that were hoped to be achieved by the Constitution of K enya Amendment Bill, 2011 given that IEBC had settled for 4 March 2013 as the date of the first general elections under the newConstitution.3.3REFUSING TO PAY TAXESOne of the great features and characteristics of the duties and obligations of Parliament before the coming into effect of the Constitution was the Constitutional right of MPs not to patch up taxes.78 The Constitution has now done away with that scenario by expressly providing under Article 210 that all(prenominal) person in Kenya must gift up tax.79 The Constitution further expressly prohibits any legislation that waives the duty of every person in Kenya to pay tax.80Some of the proponents of the non- remuneration of tax argue that by demanding MPs to pay tax, it would be a violation of their rights under the Constitution. They are of the opinion that the National Assembly Remuneration Act81 had to be amended to obligate them pay the taxes. The Hon. Kenneth Marende, the chief proponent of this argument argued that t he law was to be followed if MPs were to pay tax. The opponents of the Mps-crusade of non-payment of tax argued that the Constitution is as clear as a crystal with respect to MPs obligation to pay tax.82 The Government appeared divided on this as the then Justice and Constitutional Affairs Minister, the Hon. Mutula Kilonzo agreed with those who heckled the view that Mps had no obligation to pay taxes until after the first General election is held under the Constitution. otherwise lawyers such as the Supreme Court Lady Justcie Njoki Ndungu were of the view that Mps were not exempt from remunerative(a) taxes.The blame must squarely lie on Parliament because they refused to provide leadership on this critical issue. It is even disturbing because the Speaker joined the bandwagon of those opposed to MPs payment of tax. The refusal to provide leadership and by extension the failure to amend the relevant legislations to give effect to the provisions of the Constitution on payment of tax es amounts to impunity exercised against the Constitution and the people of Kenya.A sober reading and interpretation of the Constitution obligates everyperson, MPs included, to pay taxes. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and all other laws must be consistent with it.83 Similarly, the transitional clauses under Clause 7 of the Sixth schedule which reads All laws in force immediately before the effective date continues in force and shall be construed with the alterations, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions necessary to bring it into conformity with this Constitution. The effective date refers to the date on which the Constitution was promulgated, that is the 27th August, 2010. The National Assembly Benefits and Remuneration Act is subject to the Constitution hence the MPs have a duty to pay taxes.3.4 ILLEGAL INCREMENT OF MPs SALARIES AND BENEFITSParliament has for some time now been the only institution that can decide to hike their pay to blotto amounts withou t consulting anybody. With the coming into effect of the Constitution, the power to decide the salaries and other benefits of all state officers has been given to the Salaries and Remuneration Commission.84 Members of Parliament are classified as sate officers under the Constitution hence their salaries must be decided upon by the Salaries and Remuneration Commission.The Mps decided early this year to award themselves with hefty send-off packages amounting to Kenya shillings cardinal Million per MP with the pretext that they had the right to such monies as a way of thanking themselves for the good work they have done in the past five years.85 It was with the timely intervention of the President that the taxpayers were spared the burden of paying such lofty amounts of benefits to the Mps.3.5 SUSPICIOUS REJECTION OF PARLIAMENTARY REPORTSThe Kenyan Mps have perfected the art of either amending reports or rejection such reports provided those adversely mentioned in the reports either directly or through proxy give out handouts to the MPs. When Parliament debated on the Parliamentary Report on the Sale of Kenyan Embassy in capital of Japan Japan, there were glaring accusations that some MPs had been bribed to kill the report.86The MPs are said to have taken bribes to amend the Report of the depreciation of the Kenya shilling in which report the Governor of the Central Bank had been adversely mentioned.87 The demeanor of some of the MPs told it all as most of those who are normally perceived as talking on behalf the common mwananchi joined the bandwagon of those who supported the amendments to the Report. If the Mps can stoop low as to take bribes of Kenya shillings 5,000, it must be the worst betrayal of the Constitution.3.6 DISREGARD OF THE MANDATE OF THE COMMISSION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION (CIC) AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSThe Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution (CIC)88 is a Constitutional mechanism formal t o monitor, facilitate, co-ordinate and oversee the implementation of The Constitution of Kenya 2010. As provided for in the Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution (CIC) Act, 2010,89 the mandate and functions of CIC is to monitor, facilitate and oversee the development of legislation and administrative procedures required to implement the Constitution co-ordinate with the Attorney-General and the Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC) in preparing for tabling in Parliament, the legislation required to implement the Constitution report every three months to the Constitutional Implementation Oversight Committee on progress in the implementation of the Constitution and any impediments to its implementation and work with each Constitutional Commission and Independent Offices to ensure that the letter and spirit of the Constitution is respected and exercise such other functions as are provided for by the Constitution or any other written law.Regrettably, a number of bills were approved by the Cabinet and subsequently passed by Parliament without being reviewed by CIC. Also, some of these bills were not subjected to public participation as required by the Constitution. A number of Private Members Bills were also published and subsequently debated in Parliament without review by CIC yet they had a direct bearing on the implementation of the Constitution.3.7 INCLUSION OF UNCONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS IN PIECES OF LEGISLATION AND DISREGARD OF THEDUE PROCESSThere were instances in which Parliament introduced unconstitutional provisions in the bills. A case in point is the introduction of unconstitutional provisions in the County Government Bill 2012, which, subject to the operational command structure set out in the National Police Service Act90 or any other National Security legislation, purported to give the Governor the power to chair the County equivalent of the National Security Council as provided in Article 239 (5) of the Constitution.91 This provision g o againstd Chapter Fourteen of the Constitution, which places the National Security Council under the National Government. Further, National Security is not among the functions of County Governments as set out in Part twain of the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution, hence there is no County equivalent.PART IV4.1 CONCLUSIONFrom the introduction, parts II and III of this contribution, it can be deduced that the implementation of the Constitution is not just about the enactment of laws. The principle behind legislative oversight of Executive activity is to ensure that public policy is administered in accordance with the legislative intent, and by inference, the citizens aspirations. In this context, the legislative function does not cease with the passage of a Bill.92 It is, therefore, only by monitoring the implementation process that parliamentarians uncover any defects and act to correct misinterpretation or maladministration.93 Implementation involves the promotion of Constitutio nalism94 and securing the observance by all state organs of democratic apprizes and principles. The childbed of implementing the Constitution requires the collaboration and co-operation of state and non-state actors.95Mr. Charles Nyachae at the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of the CIC observed that the greatest riskiness to the Constitution is posed by Constitutional organs and state officers who ironically carry the greatest tariff of implementing it.96 He further observes that it is a Constitutional organ and its individual state officers that seek to passlegislations that clearly violate the Constitution that they swore to protect and some of the laws that they have passed are enemic to the Constitution.However, Kenyans should be cognizant the fact that article 1 of the Constitution of Kenya vests all sovereign power on the people of Kenya and the sovereign power is to be exercised only in accordance with the Constitution. Kenyans may exercise their sovereign power ei ther directly or through their democratically elected representatives.97 No state organ especially the National Assembly should immerse that sovereign power belongs to the people of Kenya and the Constitution is the supreme law of the land.Be that as it may, the implementation of the Constitution brought about increased transparency and accountability on the part of the Legislature as well as the Executive. Increased participation by Kenyans in the development of laws and policies marked a key milestone in the implementation process.98 Public participation in the formulation of public policies is a major gain and represents a paradigm shift from the previous dispensation where most public policies were formulated in a boardroom frame-up devoid of the peoples input.99In conclusion, as observed by Mr. Charles Nyachae at the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of CIC, even if we had the most perfect laws in the world, in the absence of a culture of constitutionalism, such laws would be rendered useless and become tools of oppression. All laws, regulations and guidelines on ethics and integrity are of little value if individual Kenyans as well as their leaders fail to ascribe in practical terms to ethical values and principles proclaimed in those instruments. He also observed that in the end, it is a sum total of our individual behavior and character that will reflect the nations ethics and integrity.4.2 RECOMMENDATIONSthough Parliament remains the most blatant manifestation of impunity and impediment to the implementation of the Constitution, there are some steps that can be taken so as to ensure that the Constitution is faithfully and effectively implemented. These steps include4.2.1 CIVIC EDUCATIONIt is worth noting that a greater percentage of the Kenyan race is ignorant of the legislative process as well as the Constitutional implementation process. The same explains wherefore some members of Parliament have on several occasions passed pieces of legislat ions which they later on admitted that they were not awake of what they were voting for.Civic education among the Kenyan citizenry as well as members of the Parliament will go a long way in creating and increasing public awareness on the opportunities, procedures and the rights relating to participation in legislative policy and other Constitution implementation processes.4.2.2 INCREASING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESSESPublic access and participation is envisaged in the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Article 118 (1)(b) provides that Parliament shall facilitate public participation and involvement in the legislative and other business of Parliament and its committees. However, the clandestine manner in which Parliament has been conducting its affairs especially when it comes to increasing its salary and awarding itself hefty send-off packages is what has caused Kenyans to resort to the streets and gang outside the Parliament with a view of having Parliament change i ts view.Increased public participation in the affairs of Parliament will ensure transparency and accountability. It will also help in genteelness confidence and acceptability of the legislations passed by Parliament.4.2.3 ELECTING GOOD LEADERSThe choice of electing leaders lies in the hands of Kenyans. The leaders that Kenyans should chose in the forthcoming elections so as to represent them should be leaders with proven track records. They should be devoid of corruption and unquestionable integrity. This is because it is only leaders of impeccable characters that will ensure the Constitution is implemented to its letter and spirit.4.2.4 INCREASED VIGILANCE AMONG THE KENYAN CITIZENRYKenyan citizens should rise to the occasion and promote a culture of Constitutionalism. They should be relentless in their quest of defending the Constitution. This includes the necessary vigilance which will ensure the faithful and effective implementation of the Constitution to the letter and the spir it.Whenever the citizens feel that certain actions of members of Parliament or pieces of legislations contravene the provisions of the Constitution, they should not hesitate to move to the Court to have such actions or legislations declared unreal and void. With the reformed and revamped Judiciary, the citizens are assured of a fair and just determination by the courts.4.2.5 ENSURING ALL write BILLS ARE REVIEWED BY THE CICAt the launch of the 2011/2012 Annual Report of CIC, the Commission recommended that all draft bills are reviewed by the Commission. This is aimed at ensuring that the Acts of Parliament that are enacted conform to the provisions of the Constitution. It is at the same time aimed at ensuring unconstitutional provisions are not included in pieces of legislation as was the case in the introduction of unconstitutional provisions in the County Government Bill 2012.4.3 REFERENCES4.3.1 LEGISLATIONS1. The Constitution of Kenya 2010.2. The Repealed Kenyan Constitution.3. The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act No.7 of 1982.4. The Constitution of Kenya Review Act No.5 of 2000.5. The Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution Act No. 9 of 2010. 6. The National Accord and Reconciliation Act, 20087. The National Assembly Remuneration Act, CAP 5, Laws of Kenya. 8. The Constitution of Kenya Amendment Act, 2008.9. The Political Parties Act No.11 of 2011.10. The Elections Act No.24 of 2011.11. The National Assembly Remuneration and Benefits Act, CAP 5, Laws of Kenya. 12. The Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Bill, 2011.4.3.2 CASES1. Federation of Women Lawyers Kenya (FIDA-K) 5 others v Attorney General another 2011 eKLR. 2. John Harun Mwau v the Honourable Attorney General and 2 others (2012) eKLR. 3. Re Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, Supreme Court Constitutional Application No. 2 of 2011. 4. Rev. Dr. Timothy Njoya 6 Others v Attorney General 4 Others (2004)1 KLR 261. 4.3.3 BOOKS1. Baron de Montesquieu, (1748). The Spirit of the Laws.2. Gibson Kamau Kuria, Building Constitutionalism Defining the Jurists Province and tasks How to Mobilize a Constituency of Citizens, pp 47 3. Paralegal support Network, The Paralegals Handbook.4. The Kenya Human Rights Commission in Lest we Forget Faces of impunity in Kenya (2011) 5. Lloyd of Hamsted Freeman, MDA Lloyds intro to Jurisprudence (8th ed, 1957) 1129-1199. 6. PLO-Lumumba, Some Thoughts on Constitutional Principles in the Review Process in T.O. Ojienda (ed), Constitution fashioning and Democracy in Kenya, (2003). 7. Prof. Hamilton Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. (1996) Constitutions without Constitutionalism Reflections on an African Paradox, in Zoethout, C.M. et al (eds), Constitutionalism in Africa. A quest for autochthonous principles, Gouda Quint Deventer , pp 3-25.4.3.4 JOURNALS1. Korwa G. Adar and Isaac M Munyae, Human Rights Abuse In Kenya Under Daniel Arap Moi, 1978-2001, African Studies Quarterly. The online Journal for African Studies. 2. Mutakha Kangu Soc ial Contractarian Conceptualization of the Theory and Institution of Law and Governance, (2007) 2Moi University Law Journal.4.3.5 INTERNET SOURCES1. Alphonce Shiundu and Peter Leftie Why Kenyan MPs will not pay tax on allowances yet September 24 2010 at 2200 Daily Nation Online Edition. lendable at http//www.nation.co.ke/ intelligence agency/politics/Why-Kenyan-MPs-will-not-pay-tax-on-allowances-yet-/-/1064/1017710/-/item/1/-/14gkivv/-/index.html. . 2. Alphonce Shiundu , Shakir Shabbir MPs were bribed to save CBK boss, Saturday Nation. Saturday, March 10 2012 at 2230. Daily Nation Online Edition. Available at http//www.nation.co.ke/News/politics/Shabbir-MPs-were-bribed-to-save-CBK-boss-/-/1064/1363750/-/item/1/-/x639yvz/-/index.html . 3. John Ngirachu, Vetting Tobiko scrapes through Thursday, June 9 2011 at 1502 Online Nation Edition. Available at http//www.nation.co.ke/News/Panel-clears-MutungaBarasa-and-Tobiko/-/1056/1177764/-/ioc088/-/index.html. 4. Justice Isaac Lenaola Public P articipation in Judicial Processes .Available ata