In this era of globalization, news reporting is no longer...

In this era of globalization, news reporting is no longer just a means of communications, but it has also developed into a tool for change. Prominent journalists like Julian Assange, Nick Davies, Sir Charles Wheeler and many more has changed the landscape and outcomes of information, war and news reporting itself. But Martin Bell has challenged the fundamentals of journalism that is to be balanced and impartial with what he calls ‘Journalism of Attachment’. He even coined the phrase, ‘bystanders’ journalism’ for continuing the tradition of being distant and detached (Bell 1997), which he criticizes â€Å"for focusing with the circumstances of violence, such as military formations, weapons, strategies, maneuvers and tactics† (Gilboa 2009, p.†¦show more content†¦Martin Bell comes from a position that is anti-war, and knows that the influence of journalists could be for better or worse, and without a doubt playing a huge role but that do es not mean they are exclusive from the society. â€Å"This is not to back one side, or faction or people against another, it is to make a point that we in the press, and especially the television which is its most powerful division, do not stand apart from the world† (Bell 1997, p. 8). To be objective as Phillip Hammond cited by David Loyn (2007, p. 5) â€Å"comprises three distinct, refined but interrelated concepts of truthfulness and acuracy, neutrality, and emotional detachment†, or in Martin Bell’s term to be dispassionate, and it is exactly this reason, that Bell have chose not to continue the traditional thoughts of journalism, for he is human first, journalist second. Bell’s view was not fully appreciated and acknowledged, as there are various critics from scholars and journalists alike. One of which is Wilhelm Kempf, he critiqued that Journalism of Attachment gives the journalism too much authority, somewhat making them a judge to decide what is right or wrong. It seems that Martin Bell’s approach to conflicts and problems is to reduce it to a moral problem, and that is one of the major underlying problems with it as â€Å"he undermines his own professional authority byShow MoreRelatedChallenges in Adoption of Ifrs in Nigeria3452 Words   |  14 PagesADOPTING INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING SYSTEM IN NIGERIA Anthony O. Garuba Department of Accounting and Finance, Western Delta University, Oghara, and Pat Donwa Department of Accounting, University of Benin, Benin City E-mail: anthonygaruba@yahoo.com Abstract Nigeria is going to adopt International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) from 1st January 2012. Globalization and Info rmation and Communication Technology (ICT) has reduced the world to a global village. This has given rise to the continuousRead MoreGlobal Competitiveness4571 Words   |  19 PagesGlobal Competitiveness: Role of Supply chain Management Business today is in a global environment. This environment forces companies, regardless of location or primary market base, to consider the rest of the world in their competitive strategy analysis. Firms cannot isolate themselves from or ignore external factors such as economic trends, competitive situations or technology innovation in other countries, if some of their competitors are competing or are located in those countries. CompaniesRead MoreCritical Points Of Current Knowledge7094 Words   |  29 Pagesparticular topic. For any research work it is utmost important to create necessary theoretical background. For this researcher mainly relied on the secondary information available in research papers, books, business magazines, newspapers, survey reports of different companies etc. This referring also helped in bringing about coherence in overall understanding of the area of study. 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Terms such as Americanization, Westernization and even globalization are only a few of many that have been employed to label the phenomenon of Americas growing cultural dominance in the worl d. Decades of public discourse about this is-sue have shown that all these expressions are being used interchangeably by many. We will see below, however, that it is helpful and, in my view, even necessaryRead MoreAirborne Express 714476 Words   |  58 PagesKunnikar Ngandee Chapter 1 : Globalization Talk it Over 1. Today, international business people must think globally about production and sales opportunities. Many global managers will eventually find themselves living and working in cultures altogether different from their own. Many entrepreneurs will find themselves booking flights to places they had never heard of. What do you think companies can do now to prepare their managers for these new markets? 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The aim of the research is to provide an insight into the rapidly emerging issue of employee turnover in the telecom sector of India, describing how business intelligence helps in Employee Retention. Business Intelligence (BI) is a manager in the organizations to manage information and make factual decisions to retain potential employees. Business Intelligence as a process of turning data into information and then into knowledge. This knowledge is utilized

The American Dream In Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The...

The promise of America is that anyone, from anywhere, can live a free and prosperous life in the United States. As President FDR once said We are all bound together by a hope of a common future rather than by reverence for a common past. He and many others believed in the American Dream, that has drawn hopeful masses of people to this country in search of a better life. Although some believe that the American promise is still achievable, America no longer provides access to this dream. It has evolved to be a pursuit of money not liberation, and the discrimination of groups of people has masked the fundamental ideals that the dream is based upon. The American Dream is rooted in equality and success, and has become about riches. Everyone†¦show more content†¦It is now a competition of millions of selfish, greedy, and covetious people, searching for riches in America. Equally important, is a clear discrimination of people based on race, religion, class, and gender that is promi nent in American society. These inequalities undermine the idea of an impartial ambition permitted to all. Renowned poet, Langston Hughes, discusses this in his poem Let America Be America Again when he says, For all the dreams we’ve dreamed And all the songs we’ve sung And all the hopes we’ve held And all the flags we’ve hung, The millions who have nothing for our pay— Except the dream that’s almost dead (pg 44, line 55) He is arguing that no matter how hard they seem to try, people who are different, cannot get ahead. This poem was written in 1935, if the dream was gone then, it is most certainly not attainable today. Hughes writes America never was America to me throughout the poem; it really emphasizes the fact that equality (an essential part of the American Dream) is no longer something made available to various groups of people. In the land of the free white males have the upper-hand, cutting off of the dream from everyone else. In a different light, many argue that the American Dream is not dead, and is in fact thriving more now than ever. For example, many take this argument straight from the Declaration of Independence, which laid the foundation of theShow MoreRelated Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Dignity and the American Dream1248 Words   |  5 Pagesand the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Dream, although different for each of us, is what we all aspire to achieve. In Lorraine Hansberrys, play, A Raisin in the Sun, each member of the Younger family desperately hopes for their own opportunity to achieve the American Dream. The American Dream to the Younger family is to own a home, but beyond that, to Walter Younger, it is to be accepted by white society.    In the book entitled Advertising the American DreamRead More The American Dream in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman 2744 Words   |  11 Pagesago, Americans were fighting for their freedom from Britain. Then, the American dream was to have freedom. To American then, being free and having their own individual country was enough. Up until a few decades ago, African Americans were fighting to have equal rights. They thought this was all they needed and they would be truly happy. Somewhere over the course of time; happiness had a new meaning for all Americans. Now material possessions are what it takes to be happy. The American dream is toRead MoreThe Great Playwright s Life Story2415 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the relatively short life of Lorraine Hansberry tragically ended, the African-American playwright distinguished herself in American theatre and literature as she creatively and unknowingly challenged the views of African-American life, among other inescapable issues of the nation and the world, on the theatrical stage. The great playwright’s life story began on May 19, 1930. Although born during a time of hardship introduced by the Great Depression, Hansberry grew up rather comfortably inRead More Racism and the American Dream in Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Raisin in the Sun is written by a famous African- American play write, Lorraine Hansberry, in 1959. It was a first play written by a black woman and directed by a black man, Lloyd Richards, on Broadway in New York. The story of A Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry’s own early life experiences, from which she and her whole family had to suffer, in Chicago. Hansberry’s father, Carol Hansberry, also fought a legal battle against a racial restrictive covenant that attempted to stop African-Read MoreLorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1288 Words   |  6 PagesLorraine Hansberry’s A R aisin in the Sun can be deliberated as a milestone in American art because it speaks on so many concerns vital during the 1950s in the United States. The 1950s are commonly ridiculed as an era of complacency and conformity, embodied by the growth of money-making culture and suburbia. Underneath the economic victory that followed America in the years after World War II brewed a rising racial tension. The stereotype of 1950s America as a land of black’s satisfied with theirRead MoreEssay about A Raisin in the Sun1559 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1959, American Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev came together at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, a â€Å"showcase of American consumer goods† (May 18), for â€Å"one of the most noted verbal sparring matches of the century,† aptly coined the â€Å"kitchen debate† (16). As Khrushchev applauded the Communist system and its hardworking women, Nixon â€Å"extolled the virtues of the American way of life† (16), emphasizing America’s â€Å"successful breadwinners supporting attractiveRead MoreRacial Segregation, By Lorraine Hansberry1248 Words   |  5 Pagesbut dreams – but He did give us children to make the dreams seem worthwhile,† once stated by Lorraine Hansberry. Racial segregation has been a huge topic in our society. Believe it or not, just a few decades ago African American people did not have the basic equality rights that white citizens were given. Something as simple as having a dream to become an author seemed out of reach; even impossible some might have said. Living in this kind of a world was unfortunately a reality for Lorraine HansberryRead MoreLorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun1260 Words   |  6 Pagesinevitable, people still dream of catching a mirage. There is a fine line that separates those who are oblivious to this fact, and to those who are aware and accept this knowledge. The people who are obliv ious represent those who are ignorant of the fact that their dream will be deferred. This denial is the core of the concept used in A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry. The perception of the American Dream is one that is highly subjective, but every individual dream ends in its own defermentRead MoreEssay on Follow Your Dreams1914 Words   |  8 PagesDreams are aspirations that reflect a human’s wants and desires in life. They are a fundamental element that drives human beings to achieve the impossible. Dreams have the ability to motivate oneself to set goals and ideals for the future. Each person in some part of their life has had desires that they would like to accomplish. Without these desires, there is nothing to motivate one’s actions and attitude. However, most people believe that satisfaction only exists once a dream is achieved. LouisaRead MoreAnalysis Of A Raisin In The Sun By Lorraine Hansberry1158 Words   |  5 Pages Welcome to Windham High School’s very own theater production of the incredible play A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry. To further understand the play please read the text below about the background of Hansberry’s life, living conditions in the era that the play took place, and reviews written about the play. Lorraine Hansberry was a playwright and a writer. She was born in Chicago May 19, 1930 in Chicago, and she grew up in the Woodlawn neighborhood in the South side of Chicago

Chinese Features on Hamlet Free Essays

Chinese Features on Hamlet By Xia Chen Student Number: 3070313019 Supervisor: Lu Junyan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the School of Foreign Language Studies, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University May 10, 2011 Abstract Hamlet is considered as one of the greatest works of Shakespeare, since the play Hamlet is a magnificent example of western classic tragedies and the hero Hamlet is a combination of various personalities and contradictive human values. It becomes valuable as an important source material of study for not only literature but also sociology and anthropology. This paper is composed of four parts including introduction, main body and conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Features on Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main body could be divided into two parts, which are Hamlet’s Chinese features as a human and Hamlet’s Chinese features as a tragedy. In the first part, Hamlet’s characters will be compared with Chinese traditional culture: filial piety, the concept of family, morality and sexual discrimination. Filial piety is considered as one of the most important Chinese traditional criterions. In the play Hamlet, when the ghost of the died king, who was Hamlet’s father, asks Hamlet to revenge for him, it seems that the revenging becomes the most important thing of Hamlet, even more important than his love with Ophelia, it shows that Hamlet has a strong sense of filial piety. What’s more, to Chinese people, family is as important as one’s life. Hamlet also tries his best to protect his family in the play. In addition, Hamlet has the sense of sexual discrimination. He thinks women are petty and low, and he does not think men and women are equal, which is also a feudal character in acient China. In the second part, the play Hamlet is compared with Chinese tragedy the Orphan of Chao’s on theme and the enjoyment of tragedy. By this way, the relationship between Hamlet and Chinese culture will be clearly expressed. Keywords: revenge; love; family; Chinese culture Contents 1 Introduction1 1. 1 Research Background1 1. 3 Research Purpose2 2 Hamlet’s Chinese Fetures as a Human3 2. 1 Hamlet’s Character3 2. 2 Hamlet’s Chinese Fetures6 2. 2. 1 Hamlet’s Filial Piety8 2. 2. 2 Hamlet’s Concept of Family4 2. 2. 3 Hamlet’s Sense of Sexual Discrimination4 . 2. 2 Hamlet and Golden Mean4 3 Hamlet’s Chinese Fetures As a Tragedy5 3. 1 The Orphan of Chao’s4 3. 2. A Chinese Topic: Revenge4 3. 3 A Chinese Way To Enjoy The Tragedy4 4 Conclusion10 References12 Acknowledgements13 1 Introduction 1. 1 Research Background The play Hamlet, written by Shakespeare, is considered as one of the most magnificent art works in the world, and it has been long studied by scholars all around the world. Hamlet is a story about the princess of Denmark, Hamlet, whose father was murdered by Hamlet’s uncle. Hamlet’s uncle married Hamlet’s mother, the queen, and became the new king, which made Hamlet so despaired and angry that he was eager to revenge for his died father. However, Hamlet was a contradictive young man and he was always hesitating, which made him feel painful in his mental world and he almost committed suicide. By the leading of a ghost, which was Hamlet’s died father, Hamlet found out the truth of his father’s death, then he began to pretend as he was mad so that he might have a chance to kill his uncle, the new king. Hamlet tried to show the truth to the public by a play, which made the new king angry and he decided to banish Hamlet. Fortunately, Hamlet was so clever that he made a stratagem to get rid of the punishment, and he went back to Denmark. Then, Hamlet killed his fiancee’s father as a manslaughter, which made Hamlet’s fiancee Ophelia lose her mind. Ophelia’s brother asked him to duel with him in front of the new king and queen. The queen drank a bottle of poisonous wine which was for Hamlet when she was watching the duel and she died. Hamlet was stabbed by a poisonous sword in the duel, before he died, Hamlet killed the new king by that poisonous sword. Hamlet is an epitome of human being. His personality is complicated and everyone might find some similarities with Hamlet. This makes Hamlet a symbolic character, and the studies on Hamlet could not only help people to know western classic literature better but also make people think deeper about their life. In this essay, the author would like to make a comparison between Hamlet and Chinese culture. 1. 2 Research Purpose Many authors emphasize on certain aspects of literature study on Hamlet or Chinese culture, like the tradition of filial piety, the comparison of Hamlet and Chinese classic literature, Hamlet’s personality and Hamlet’s value system. The author thinks that many studies on this thesis have already been done but there is not anyone who has done a general study on the topic of Hamlet’s Chinese feature, so there is the possibility for the author to do some research on it. The weakness of recent study is that most of the studies are isolated from each other. For instance, â€Å"Tradition of filial piety in China and Western culture† [1] is talking about what is common that the Chinese people tend to extremely value such filial duties as serving, respecting, filially obeying the aged parents, and worshiping their ancestors whereas such acts of filial piety are not taken so seriously in the Western culture. It could be a point that supports what mentioned in â€Å"The family relationship in Shakespeare’s plays† [2], and it can help readers to go deeper into each of these two essays. However, few authors have done any study on the filial piety in Shakespeare’s plays, which makes this field blank. What’s more, when Chinese readers are reading the play Hamlet, what might help them to understand the literal meaning is a dictionary or a translation work, but they may always get confused about the story’s culture background and Hamlet’s thoughts about love, family and life. Bacause there was not many literature which can help Chinese readers to understand Hamlet from comparing Chinese culture with Hamlet, it is necessary for the author to do some research on it so that more Chinese readers can understand Hamlet easier. 2 Hamlet’s Chinese Features as a human 2. 1 Hamlet’s character The Tragedy of Hamlet is one of the four most famous tragedies written by Shakespeare, and Hamlet is the protagonist in it. Throughout the whole play, the contradictory sides of his character could be seen easily. On one hand, Hamlet is a wise, brave, and kind-hearted young man; on the other hand, he is sometimes timid, careless, and even a little bit cruel. Hamlet enjoys a high social position and has a good reputation among his people. But once he is called back from the university to Danmark by his father’s sudden death, he is involved in misery and the arduous task of avenging. Life suddenly becomes so complicated and challenging for Hamlet because of his mother’s hasty marriage to his uncle, the new king and also the one who killed his father. Hamlet is young and inexperienced, and his strong character enables him to stand firm under such a difficulty. Although he feels isolated and lonely, he remains calm, contend with his uncle’s repeated persecutions by using his intelligence, and carrying out the revenge finally, though at the cost of his own life. Through the whole play, â€Å"we can see that Hamlet is neither a frail and weak minded youth nor a thought sick dreamer, on the contrary, he is fearless and impetuous in action† [3] His rushing after the ghost, killing Polonius, dealing with the King’s commission on the ship, jumping into the grave of Ophelia out of honest love and executing his final revenge during the duel with Laertes make him appears insensible to the fear of any ordinary kind. In the play, Hamlet’s delay and hesitations in carrying out his task of revenge is also obvious. Hamlet even appears to be slow and shrinking sometimes. There are several good chances for him to kill Claudius bu everytime he just lets them slip by. Sometimes, when he fails to make good use of a chance, he will find some excuses for his inaction to comfort himself. For instance, when Hamlet is on his way to his mother’s chambe, he finds the new king is praying, he could kill the new king on the spot by his sword, but he give up the chance and he tells himself it will send someone to the heaven if kill him when he is praying. If his delay is due to the lack of evidence of the new king’s crime, now he has got evidence and he should have taken immediate action, but he still fails. Hamlet often reproaches himself bitterly for the neglect of his duty. He even asks himself in genuine hesitation, â€Å"What should such fellows as I do crawling between earth and heaven? Do I linger? Can the cause be cowardice? What is it that makes me sit idle when I feel it is shameful to do so, and when I have cause, and will, and strength, and means to act ? Why in the world did not Hamlet obey the Ghost at once, and save seven of those eight lives? If he had been Laertes or Fortinbras, he would have accomplished his task in wears mourning dress and appears depressed at his mother’s marriage. † [4] When Hamlet’s mother asks him to exchange his clothing and â€Å"look like a friend on Denmark†, he says, â€Å"together with all forms, moods and shapes of grief that can demote me truly. These indeed seem, for they are actions that a man play, But I have that within which passeth show; these but the trappings and the suits of woe. The words of â€Å"play, and trappings and suits of woe† indicates that he suspects the cause of his father’s death. Knowing clearly that he is under the close watch by the new king and his followers, â€Å"he speaks out the King’s crime in his mother chamber, A murderer and a villain, A slave that is not twentieth part the tithe of your precedent lord, a vice of kings, a cutpurse of the empire and the rule, that from a shelf the precious diadem stole And put it in his pocket. † [4]Fortunately, the eavesdropper Plonius is killed by mistake. But Hamlet has made a big mistake. Though his mother promises to keep what he says a secret, his rush act leads to the death of Ophelia, and the King has another reason to kill him, that is, the duel with Laertes at the end of the play. 2. 2 Chinese fetures 2. 2. 1 Hamlet’s filial piety In Chinese traditional culture, filial piety is as important as one’s life. One will get a bad reputation if he or she is considered as doing things against his or her parents. Young people are supposed to obey their parents and take good care of their parents. Especially for the well educated people, filial piety is one of the most important criterions. In acient China, people even could get an official position by treating their parents well enough. Confucius once said â€Å"Filial duty is the foundation of other duties. † [5]From this, we can see that filial piety is almost the core of Chinese social structure. However, in the western culture, people are more likely to be independent rather than always do what their parents ask them to do, and the concept of filial piety is quite different from Chinese’s view. For example, in western countries, going abroad and living far away from parents means being independent and competent, while living away from parents in acient China means being selfish and irresponsible. In the play Hamlet, when the ghost of the died king, who was Hamlet’s father, asks Hamlet to revenge for him, it seems that the revenging becomes the most important thing of Hamlet, even more important than his love with Ophelia. It is unusual that father’s order becomes the most important thing to a western young man, and Hamlet even lost his life for his father. There was a saying in China â€Å"It is the father’s fault if a son doesn’t do right. † It reflects that in China, the most important part of the relationship between father and son is succession. On one hand, it is father’s responsibility to teach his son, and on the other hand, the son should always obey his father. In the play Hamlet, the old king is not only his son’s father but also the idol of his son, when Hamlet said â€Å"O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, Thaw and resolve itself into a dew Or that the Everlasting had no fixed His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter. O God, God, How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! Fie on’t, ah fie, ’tis an unweeded garden That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature Possess it merely. That it should come to this! But two months dead—nay not so much, not two—So excellent a king, that was to this Hyperion to a satyr. † It is obviously that Hamlet respects his father, the old king very much. Hamlet’s duty in the whole story is to revenge for his died father, meanwhile, ancient Chinese people thought the most shameful thing to a man is being unable to revenge for his father. Chinese story The orphan of the Chao’s is also about revenging for one’s father. So, Hamlet has Chinese futures of revenging, too. 2. 1. 2 Hamlet’s Concept of Family An important Chinese feature that Hamlet has is the concept of family. From my point of view, Shakespeare’s idea of family is a kind of humanism thought. It affects the characters’ behavior directly and it puts forward the plots from developing or it even influences the end of a play. â€Å"Shakespeare advocates for pure love, for instance, the love between Hamlet and Ophelia; he demotes carnal love like the love between Hamlet’s mother and Hamlet’s uncle. Shakespeare also promotes the harmonious conjugal relation which is based on love; he demotes the conjugal relation which is based on ambitions or benefits, for example, Macbeth and Mrs. Macbeth. † [6] Another thing that Shakespeare promotes is the fairness and trust between family members. He believes what breaks the love between family members is the power and influence, what’s more, power and influence also deprive the fairness between different people and lead people to guilty. In Hamlet, Hamlet demotes the love between his mother and his uncle, because it is a kind of incest, and Hamlet thinks it is sick. Chinese people think what prevent the society from collapsing are morality and ethics. Ethics means the relationship between family members should be regular and normal. Fornication must be forbidden. In China, if one’s uncle married with his or her mother, he or she will be a joke of other people. 2. 1. 3 Hamlet’s Sense of Sexual Discrimination Another traditional Chinese feature that can be found on Hamlet is the sense of sexual discrimination, which has influenced Chinese society for thousands of years. In ancient China, women were forbided to go to school, and they had no right to choose their husband. Women were considered as timid and inability, they had to stay home and look after their children, always obey their husband. In the play Hamlet, Hamlet says â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman! † and â€Å"O God, a heast that want discourse of reason would have mourned longer. It shows that Hamlet looks down upon woman because his mother married his uncle soon after his father’s death and he doesn’t think man and woman are equal, women are more like heast than human. What’s more, when Hamlet says â€Å"Ay truly, for the power of beauty will sooner transform honesty from what it is to a bawd, than the force of honesty can translate beauty into his likeness. This was sometimes a paradox, but now t he time gives it proof. I did love you once. † Hamlet seems look down upon his lover, Ophelia, too. Hamlet praises human being as the gift by god, while he thinks women are petty and low. . 1. 4 Hamlet and Golden Mean It is obvious that Hamlet is a character with hesitation, in the play, Shakespeare includes a number of other characters capable of taking resolute and headstrong revenge as required to highlight Hamlet’s inability to take action,. Fortinbras travels thousands of miles to take his revenge and finally succeeds in conquering Denmark; the plot that Laertes kills Hamlet to revenge for the death of his father, Polonius. Compared to these characters, Hamlet’s revenge is ineffectual. Once Hamlet decides to take action, he delays any action until the end of the play. What makes Hamlet a great unique piece of writing is the remarkable way in which Shakespeare uses the delay to build Hamlet’s emotional and psychological complexity. Hamlet’s revenge is delayed in three significant ways: 1. Hamlet must first find out Claudius’ guilt and tell it to the public, which he does in Act 3, Scene 2 by representing the murder of his father in a play. When Claudius went out during the performance, Hamlet becomes convinced about Clausius’s guilt. 2. Then, Hamlet intellectualizes his revenge, to contrast with the rash actions of Fortinbras and Laertes. For instance, Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius in Act 3, Scene 3. He already draws his sword, but is concerned that Claudius will be sent to heaven if he is killed while praying. 3. After killing Polonius, Hamlet is sent to England and it becomes impossible for him to gain access to Claudius and do his revenge. During his trip, he decides to be more headstrong in his desire for revenge. Although he does kill Claudius in the final scene of the play, we cannot credit Hamlet will kill Claudius if Claudius does not ask him to have a duel with others. Hamlet’s inability to take action might reflect a characteristic that Chinese traditional culture has, that is the sense of â€Å"golden mean†, which is an important rule of Confucian school. â€Å"Golden mean†means that one should not do things in a radical way and never go to the extreme, there is no absolute good or bad. Hamlet’s behavior shows that he is always struggling for right and wrong, do and undo, he does not make a decision until he has no way to go. 3 Hamlet’s Chinese Features as a Tragedy 3. 1 The Orphan of the Zhao’s The Orphan of Zhao, or Orphan of the House Tcho is a Chinese play of the Yuan Dynasty, attributed to someone named Ji Junxiang, about whom almost nothing is known. Based on an episode in Shiji, the play has its full name The Great Revenge of the Orphan of Zhao Family. Loyalty is the theme of the play Zhaoshi guer (The Orphan of Zhao), written in the second half of the 13th century. In it the hero sacrifices his son to save the life of young Zhao so that Zhao can later avenge the death of his family. It is the first Chinese play that known in Europe. Joseph Henri Marie de Premare translated the play into French as Tchao-chi-cou-eulh, ou L’orphelin de la maison de Tchao, tragedie chinoise, which was collected in Jean Baptiste Du Halde’s Description geographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l’empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise, published in 1735 (the play was published separately in 1755). Thomas Hatchett (active 1721-1741) published an adaptation of the play in English, â€Å"The Orphan of China† (1741) that changes the ending significantly so that the play conforms to classical conventions of the three unities 3. A Chinese Topic : Revenge Revenge is a common topic of Chinese traditional drama, since there was a saying in acient China â€Å"An eye to an eye and a tooth for a tooth. † Which means that if any other people hurts one, one should revenge in the same way. â€Å"The orphan of the zhao’s is considered as the Hamlet of China, because the mean cha racter, Zhao Wu, whose destiny is similar to Hamlet’s, and they both have the duty to revenge for their father. Zhao Wu’s father is killed by his god-father, and he lives with his god-father to bear patiently for twenty years until finally he kills his god-father. [7] Hamlet’s father is killed by Hamlet’s uncle, and Hamlet pretends to be crazy to cheat others so that he has the chance to stay with his uncle and finally he kills his uncle and revenges for his father successfully. In addition, it is full of meaning that both tragedies share the same theme: revenge. The play Hamlet describes the story of Hamlet, the Danmark prince, who takes revenge for his father. The prince Hamlet learns from his father’s ghost that his uncle Claudius poisons the king, takes the power, and marries the queen. The ghost asks Hamlet to avenge him. After several trials and struggles between evil and good, Hamlet and his uncle, the fraud whose crime is finally exposed, perish together. Zhao the Orphan describes the story of the Zhao’s suffer from slaughter because the treacherous court official named Tu An’gu frames up Zhao Dun, the official loyal to his sovereign. The disciple, Cheng Ying, in Zhao’s place sacrifices his own son to save the infant of Zhao’s family and bring him up. After the orphan acquires his life experience, he takes the revenge for his family by killing Tu An’gu. As can be seen, the two tragedies share the common topic that the evil may succeed for a while, however, destines to receive the punishment of justice. 3. 3 A Chinese Way to Enjoy the Tragedy The main idea of the Confucians is â€Å"Ren†, which can be understood as sympathy. It is said that only people who have a heart of sympathy can be considered as a person of noble character and integrity. The tragedy of Hamlet and the tragedy of the Orphan of Chao’s are very popular among people all around the world. An important factor that contributes to the enjoyment of these tragedies is sympathy. It is neither the sympathy in the ethical or moral sense, nor the feeling of pity and sorrow for somebody. It is aesthetic sympathy, which means the identification of ourselves without persons or things with the result that we participate in their feelings, emotions and sentiments. In actual life, we have only one life and most of us are living a very ordinary and calm life, which sometimes seems a little monotonous. One of the charms of dramas is that in them we can live a great number of different lives, experience what we cannot experience in real life , laugh and cry with the characters as long as we substitute ourselves in their places in imagination. For example, in Hamlet, we may identify ourselves with Hamlet. With Hamlet we mourn over the death of the old king, complain of the hasty marriage of Gertrude, feel friendly towards Horatio, despise Polonius, love and suspect Ophelia and fightt heduel with Laertes. In The Orphan of Zhao, we can imagine ourselves to be the hero Cheng Ying and feel his hesitation at the princess’ request of taking the orphan out of the court, his hatred for Tuan Ku when he declared to kill all the babies in the country to search for the orphan of Zhao, his agony to see his own son being killed and his final joy at Tuan Ku’s punishment. In one word , sympathy plays a great part in the enjoyment of tragedy, both the Shakespearean tragedy and the classical Chinese tragedy. 4. Conclusion Hamlet has been studied by scholars from different countries with various ethnics in almost every possible aspects for a long time, so many people might hold the idea that Hamlet is a play which has been studied throughly. However, when Chinese students and readers study on Hamlet, they always find that it is difficult to understand because of the lack of culture background and language skill. If they were told that Hamlet has some similarities with Chinese culture, the study of Hamlet might be much easier. This is one reason for the author to study on Hamlet’s Chinese features. Another reason is that few scholars have studied on the Chinese features of Hamlet. On one hand, China has a 5000 years’ history which is profound and diversified, and the Chinese values have greatly influenced the world, so the importance of Chinese culture could not be ignored; on the other hand, China has its specific traditional thoughts of ethics and human natures, so some western scholars thought there were few similarities between Chinese traditional culture and western culture. Nevertheless, Chinese culture, just like the other cultures of the world, has many assosiations with western culture, including the classic literatures. The essay has concluded some Chinese fetures on Hamlet. It provides readers to have a more distinctive mind on the relationship between Shakespeare’s works and Chinese traditional culture, and more study on this topic will be done in the future. References [1]. â€Å"? † [J]. ,2010(3):83-86. [2]. [J]. ,2009(4):119-121. [3]. [J]. , 2008(6):80-82. [4]. [J]. , 2009(3):52-55. [5]. The Personality Determines Destiny——The Image Building Quesitions About Hamlet [J]. ,2010(1):199-201. [6]. The Contradictory Sides of Hamlet’s Character[J]. ,2004(33):429-432. [7] David L. Hall. Thinking Through Confucius [M]. New York: Albany, 1987. [8]Arthur Kleinman. Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture [M]. Holland: Reidel, 1981. [9]Barbara Marshall Matthews. The Chinese Value Survey: An interpretation of value — scales and consideration of some preliminary results[J]. International Education Journal, 2000(1): 117-126. Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to extend my heart-felt gratitude to all my teachers and professors who have lent me a help in the process of the completion of this thesis. I am especially indebted to Mrs Lu Junyan, my supervisor, who has provided me with information, advice, criticism and encouragement. My thesis couldn’t have come out without the countless instruction and patient guidance from my supervisor. His invaluable insights and hearty encouragement have enabled me to fulfill and improve the quality of my paper. Meanwhile, my appreciation also goes to my classmates and friends. They were always willing to give me assistance and encouragement whenever I sought help from them. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their unconditional support and encouragement through my undergraduate study. How to cite Chinese Features on Hamlet, Papers

Personality As A Predictor Of Health Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Personality As A Predictor Of Health. Answer: The term personality is used to define and understand the characteristics of an individual and the differences in various traits from other individuals. Every person has their own patterns of feelings, behaviors and thoughts and personality describes the individual differences in all of these aspects. Two major categories that come into light when studying personality are individual trait differences and traits that make up a person as a whole (Kandler, 2017). The method that is used for measuring the various personality constructs of a human being is called a personality test. Most of the personality testing tools are introspective, which means, they are self-report questionnaires of differing rating scales. Raymond Cattell however tried to construct personality tests that were objective and based on performance (Cattell Warburton, 1967). However, the problem with such tests is that they are very susceptible to distorted response due to biased perception of others and oneself. Heal th, according to the definition by WHO is not just absence or disease or disorders but a state of complete mental, social and physical well being. There exists limited literature about self report personality tests as predictors of health however there are studies showing that personality traits maybe important predictors of health outcomes (Turiano et al., 2011). Neuroticism as defined by Lahey (2009) can be referred to as the tendency to have stable responses to negative emotions like frustration, loss or threat. Individuals who score high on neuroticism have intense emotional responses where as individual with lower neuroticism scores (higher stability scores) are capable of being calm even at the most stressful situations. There are a number of different personality theories linking to the different aspects related to the different aspects related to the relations of the mind to and the personality to the health of the person. First type of relationship that can be deduced is the cause effect relationship model which will overall affect the health of a person. The second type of the model will take into account the causal link between the personality of the person and the health factors affected by it as in the case of shared genetic trail leading to similar personality traits and illnesses. The different personality dimensions can help in understanding the effect of the personality trait on the health. The three-personality dimensions mentioned in this theory are Extraversion, neuroticism and Psychoticism. Another model of personality, which is widely used for personality testing, is the five-factor model and it describes the five personality traits of Openness, conscientiousness extraversion, agreeab leness and Neuroticism. Personality assessments of different kinds exist. In case of a self-report inventory, there are a number of items, which the testee has to respond introspectively by assessing their own self on a Likert-type rating scale. There has been a growing research body over the past few decades who have been trying to link, personality traits with the various health related behaviors, mechanisms and outcomes. A number of models have also been proposed in explaining the ways in which personality of an individual can affect their health due to their coping mechanisms, risky health behaviors, shared genetic risks, physiological responses and resilient factors (Smith Baucom, 2017). Although a number of studies have shown that personality has a role to play in maintenance and promotion of health, there have not been many, which links particular traits to the outcomes of health (Friedman Kern, 2014). A study by Atherton, Robins, Rentfrow Lamb, (2014) used a sample of 460 individuals for replicating and extending the between three outcomes related to health and the Big five personality traits. They found that individuals with low conscientiousness, high neuroticism reported poorer health and individuals with high extraversion had more tendencies towards substance abuse. There were other studies too like the one conducted by Weston Jackson, (2016), where 7051 participants were investigated to find if neuroticism and conscientiousness were associated with the risky health behavior of smoking. It was found that individuals with high levels of neuroticism paired with high conscientiousness predicted less smoking behaviors. However, this study also suggested that th ere is a major difference between personality as a predictor for health problem responses and personality as a predictor for health problem onset. Turiano et al., (2015) conducted a study with a huge sample of 3990 to investigate if the personality changes and personality trait level longitudinally (10 years), can predict the three different outcomes of health, which are Self-rated physical health, limited working due to physical health causes and self- reported blood pressure. According to the results conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism were the traits, which predicted self-rated health outcomes. It was found that self-reported Blood Pressure was predicted by neuroticism and conscientiousness. Limited workdays were predicted by all the traits except agreeableness and self-rated physical health was predicted by conscientiousness. There have been a number of studies, which have found that conscientiousness predicted health outcomes and there has been little or no evidence suggesting the link between openness and health. Another study by Hall, Fong Epp, (2014) investigated if the big five personality traits, IQ and Executive Functioning had predictive validity for health related behavior index. The study was conducted on a community sample, which was stratified by age. The results suggested that in age correcting analysis of regression, significant predictors of health behavior included conscientiousness, neuroticism and executive functions. In addition, the moderational analysis that was conducted, suggested that there was a uniform effect of personality trait on health behavior across all ages and the executive function predicted health behavior more with the increase in age. It was found that health behavior patterns could be predicted by both neuroticism and conscientiousness however, their association was weaker in comparison to that of the predictive validity of Executive Functioning and it is the executive function which explained some of the effects of the two personality traits (Hall, Fong Epp, 2014). Therefore, a number of studies have exhibited the predictive abilities of conscientiousness and neuroticism in terms of health outcomes or health behavior patterns. It is therefore essential to understand what these two personality traits are. Conscientiousness as defined by Bogg Roberts, (2012) is the tendency of an individual to follow the norms that are socially prescribed. It is the capability to control impulses in order to be at par with the rules of the social surroundings. It is a goal setting, and gratification-delaying behavior in which individual tends to play by the rules to get to their aims. Some important facets of conscientiousness include self-discipline, organizational capabilities and willpower. Most of the personality tools used to assess the personality traits of individuals are self-reports. This method is common because they are useful when a large number of data is to be collected. In addition, self-reports help in assessing such behavioral constructs, which would otherwise have been very difficult to obtain. All though these self-reports undergo a lot of testing for reliability and validity, there still are a number of problems which are difficult to control. Firstly, the introspective ability of the participants is not wholly understood; secondly, individuals might lie in order to conform to the general rule, which might prevent from getting an actual personality score. Thirdly, the dishonesty level can vary individual wise. Fourthly, it may also be the case that the individual fails to understand what the item demands. However, self-reports is most effective way to find out behavioral measures and although there are some limitations, self-report personality tests can predict future health. References Atherton, O. E., Robins, R. W., Rentfrow, P. J., Lamb, M. E. (2014). Personality correlates of risky health outcomes: Findings from a large Internet study.Journal of research in personality,50, 56-60. Bogg, T., Roberts, B. W. (2012). The case for conscientiousness: Evidence and implications for a personality trait marker of health and longevity.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,45(3), 278-288. Cattell, R. B., Warburton, F. W. (1967). Objective personality and motivation tests: A theoretical introduction and practical compendium. Friedman, H. S., Kern, M. L. (2014). Personality, well-being, and health.Annual review of psychology,65. Hall, P. A., Fong, G. T., Epp, L. J. (2014). Cognitive and personality factors in the prediction of health behaviors: an examination of total, direct and indirect effects.Journal of behavioral medicine,37(6), 1057-1068. Kandler, C. (2017). Personality Traits and States: Vague Dimensional Differentiation or Genuine Integration. Lahey, B. B. (2009). Public health significance of neuroticism.American Psychologist,64(4), 241. Smith, T. W., Baucom, B. R. (2017). Intimate relationships, individual adjustment, and coronary heart disease: Implications of overlapping associations in psychosocial risk.American Psychologist,72(6), 578. Turiano, N. A., Pitzer, L., Armour, C., Karlamangla, A., Ryff, C. D., Mroczek, D. K. (2011). Personality trait level and change as predictors of health outcomes: Findings from a national study of Americans (MIDUS).Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,67(1), 4-12. Weston, S. J., Jackson, J. J. (2016). How do people respond to health news? The role of personality traits.Psychology health,31(6), 637-654.