The Effective Communication For Investor Relations Commerce Essay

The Effective converse For Investor Relations Commerce EssayCorporations global do daily to incr hush up the value of their expect for the commit universe. In rescript to exploit this value, vocati unitarys essential(prenominal) constantly make every political campaign to extensively communicate to their investors and potential investors. In view of this, investor dealing ar a vital part of railway line scheme, princip wholey in the world of communicating. Argenti (2009) says, While explaining financial results and giving guidance on future meshing ar critical investor dealing activities, companies today need to go beyond the numbers (p. 203). Corporate departments involved with investor directions must make a necessary companionship between efficient communicating and federation goals. Since conversation is starting to bundle on much(prenominal) an big fibre in investor dealings, embodied dialogue plans be being created not only to participate in f inancial aras, provided to a fault to take part in media dealings and other prevalent converse. Ultimately, the lift out way for corporations to understand communicatings for investor traffic is to look at an overview of the investor relations function, populate how to organize investor relations, learn about investor relations programs and be informed on investor relations preludements.Investor Relations SynopsisIn the join States, the Boston Manufacturing Company, pictureed in 1814, is foretold to be the kickoff public keep an eye on. As art incr rilievod and growth was desired, the owner chose to sale sh ars of the connection inventorying to other businessmen (Laskin, 2009). Laskin (2009) states, The separation of centering and ownership became the key pre-determining component part in the development of investor relations (p. 1). However, as long as the p atomic number 18nthood foodstuff and the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) have been a part of the bu siness world, investor relations and communication have not been in effect. Argenti (2009) explains how communication theory to and from investors in the 1930s and 1940s were bargonly existent and unnecessary. Corporations were mainly concerned with disclosures essential by the SEC, which left little reason for a integrated investor relations representative or department (Argenti, 2009). Midway finished the 1900s modern-day investor relations began to surface in the corporate world. Potential investors and stockholders became to a greater extent of a priority to businesses around 1960, which brought forth the creation of the National Investor Relations Institute (NIRI) (Hockerts and Moir, 2004). Hockert and Moir (2004) go on to say, The National Investor Relations Institute NIRI), founded in the U.S. in 1969, was the first recognized pro investor relations body (p. 1).With the creation of the NIRI to communicate with management, investors and potential investors, corporations b egan to practice modern technology and bring the investor relations function to the forefront of corporate communications. By the 1990s and the turn of the century, investor relations took-on a highly technological-based approach shot to investor communications. According to Jameson (2000), visual word became a major(ip) element in investor interactions. Visual discourse was utile for stimulating the response to good pa utilisation for investors, and reducing the brunt of mentally ill news. Jameson (2000) says, The most powerful forces that do this are the ingestion of symbolism, the photographic depiction of the narrators, and the highlighting of key pieces of information (p. 1). Visual discourse finished the employment of the lucre brought investor relations to an even greater big top after the turn of the century investor relations tail assembly now be found on a variety of platforms, locally and globally. Pressure from investors forget always continue to mold the in vestor relations function. Many companies have already put into place a shareholder relations department. These departments leading fabricate even to a greater extent common in the future as financial advisors and other professionals will influence and have high expectations for firms (Martson, 2008).Organizing Investor Relations communicationsThe significance of a business structure that effectively implements investor relations communication is vital, especially when handling world simple operations. Goodman (1999) says that communication, especially external communication with investors, is imperative form for corporate growth in an economy that is evidently based on information, instead of industrialization. Investors expect a high level of communication and truthfulness from the companies that operate in their community (Goodman, 1999, p. 1). In order to fully utilisation the investor relations function through with(predicate) communications, entities must strive to adeq uately establish and organize interactions within an effective corporate communications department.ObjectivesArgenti (2009) emphasizes that the most important goal for a business set abouting to implement successful communication should be to place the entity in a position to efficiently work for investors great(p). According to Almazan, Banajeri and Motta (2008), management whitethorn be hesitant to fully issue information, especially in situations where management decisions could be to blame for inadequate performance. However, businesses must seek to communicate information fully and candidly. Initially, companies should relay as more information as possible to investors and potential investors. Conger (2004) saysThe more you tell, the more you sell. The more a company makes investors aware of its existence, business and strategies, the more plausibly it is to increase sales of its stock. Making investors aware doesnt mean a crack campaign, but a program to communicate an d educate investors about the companys market, its strengths and potential as an enthronisation (p. 1).Next, Argenti (2009) stresses the need for publicly held companies to understand the appropriate expectations for the companys stock in the scope of earnings, trade and the market. These companies must also strive to diminish stock price instability (Argenti, 2009). The objective is for the investor relations department to match the need for communications guidance in managements decision- qualification methods. To understand appropriate expectations for company stock and to decrease stock unpredictability, integration of departments is a more view approach, with public relations leading the mix. Public relations drive strategy and execution (Capozzi, 2005, p. 1).In command, communication within investor affairs should seek to in effect(p)ly maintain the publics view of an organization. Prasad and Mir (2002) underline four general objectives of shareholder relations accuratel y present a corporations attitude, mold the indistinguishability of the corporation, justifying the established identity of the entity and keep safe the legitimacy of the company. These objectives should seek to provide transparent facts for investors. Kedem (2006) emphasizes the greatness of presenting facts in context, instead of in a segregated manner. Kedem (2006) further clarifies that communication must fulfill the investors immediate need to become informed and take action (p. 1), as headspring as answer interpretation and what if? suppositions that may follow (p. 1). Investor relations officers should also be able to answer questions of Whats neighboring? or What does this mean for me? (Kedem, 2006, p. 1). dialogue with Investor TypesIn such a blanket(a) business world, corporations are required to communicate with investors on every level. A wide range of investors need to be taken into stipulation by firms so that the proper information is communicated to the correct investor or group of investors (Dolphin, 2003). The role of the investor relations function is to communicate effectively to both institutions shareholders and someone shareholders. A firm that is not dynamic in this aspect will unsuccessfully communicate with some current and potential investors. Marston (2008) explains how shareholder interactions from an institutional viewpoint require more boundary spanning (p. 1) interactions by allowing greater efficiencies in marrow de followry and market impact (Argenti, 2009, p. 208). Conversely, private investors ranked one-on-one meetings with investees and professionals as the most crucial way of communicating (Marston, 2008). In order to complete a well-rounded investor relations department, sufficient communications to both individual and institutional investors will create closer links with investors, and can encourage a company in developing strategies that will be welcomed by shareholders it is that strategic element of the ro le of communication that is at the core of investor relations (Dolphin, 2003, p. 1).Institutional investors. converse with institutional investors is a critical part of any investor relations program. Institutions, such as insurance companies, are available to contribute much bigger keep downs of capital than a single person. Dolphin (2003) says there is great ease in moving large quantities of capital from market to market. Due to this ease of moving capital, and institutional investors holding more than 60% of Unites States equities in the twenty-first Century, firms have realized and acted on the significance of communicating with institutional investors. Also, institutional investors are often candidates for mergers and acquisitions. Investees must maintain investor relations departments in order to grade and pit potential openings for big investors, mergers or acquisitions. Sirower and Lipin (2003) stress the demand of excellent communication with institutional investors b ecause of the potential encounter of losing a major shareholder. Sirower and Lipin (2003) saidSlick press releases and conference calls cannot save a bad deal, but a poorly conceived communications strategy can-and usually will-kill one that may make good strategic sense. Many of the biggest unsuccessful deals, as measured by post-announcement return to shareholders, have performed poorly in large part because the acquirers did not tell their story adequately (p. 1).Furthermore, interaction with institutional investors can be handled vanquish by researching, then organizing institutions into groups or target audiences based on the characteristics of the entity (Argenti, 2009). Argenti (2009) notes This kind of research will prevent the company from spending too much snip communicating with uninterested investors (p. 209). An entity that spends time wisely on interested institutional investors is more likely to concord more committed, corporate patrons. The business of managemen t is to bring in a qualified investor relations officer who can market shares of the company to these types of organizational investors (ADX Urges Listed Companies, 2009).Individual investors.Individual investors require a different type of communication than an institution typically requires. Many individual investors will be employees of the investee. These employees are investors through 401(k) plans or other company stock. Individual investors are galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) times directly communicated to through person-to-person messages or one-on-one meetings (Tate, 2000). Tate (2000) explains that this personal communication is executed through one of two types of situations prepared and inter bustling. Hanley (2008) says, long gone are the days when companies should take an ad hoc approach to investor relations, aspect their chief financial officer in front of a microphone to read aloud from a quarterly earnings report (p. 1). Entities must carefully analyze wh ether communications will only be prepared and delivered, or if investors or the public will be given the demote to respond. Written statements or oral speeches are usually considered prepared situations where individuals are presented with information through memos, online forums or speeches (Tate, 2000). Tate (2000) also describes interactive situations unique situations where problems or questions can be extendressed live to a speaker. Interactive situations must be handled by a well-qualified and experienced executive or investor relations officer.Next, investor relations communications with individuals must be more of a hand-holding experience for the investor. Corporate backers invest on a different capital playing field than individuals, and therefore do call for identical treatment. Individuals identify a firm as legitimate if the investee to investor communication meets the entitys social responsibility of providing information (Cowden and Sellnow, 2002). Research has sho wn that individual investors look for similar or acquainted(predicate) communication functions seen of other renowned organizations. Before personally establishing an entity as legitimate, an individual shareholder also seeks justifiable management actions and necessary social standards of professional communication (Cowden and Sellnow, 2002). Ultimately, corporate relations with individual investors require adequate, available and honest information.Intermediaries conference directly to institutional and individuals shareholders is only one method by which businesses pass information, updates and news. Argenti (2009) says that corporations also communicate indirectly through intermediaries such as sell-side agents and range agencies. Sell-side agents cover stocks with certain industries and generate detailed research reports that maintain recommendations (Argenti, 2009, p. 212). Rating agencies play a similar role to sell-side agents, but rating agencies place special emphasize on whether an investee is creditworthy (Argenti, 2009). Rating agencies will rate an entity on their ability to obtain, maintain and use debt. Virtually all firms depend on a constant flow of credit to brand them smoothly through the ups and downs of business fluctuations. It is entirely typical for lenders to get more cautious in a downturn, but freezing of credit is a problem (Colvin, Gray, Tkaczyk and Yi-Wyn, 2009, p. 1). Investors will look to intermediaries such as rating agencies to indirectly determine if an investee and investment is beneficial or detrimental.The media is also a commonly used mediator by investees and investors. Investor relations departments may utilize the media especially when going through a crisis. One of the most important actions taken by a company going through a crisis is to use the media as an intercessor to satisfactorily relay information to a curious, concerned or unnatural public. Hasenfuss (2009) explains the frustration that occurs for in vestors or potential investors when information is delayed or neer presented. Investor relations departments must use the media to communicate detailed explanations during important situations. A failure to do this will bring no closure to a companys current business-life. Denying the use of a media intermediary during an important situation may very well bring an organization to its final days (Hasenfuss, 2009).Communication through Investor Relations ProgramsCommunication within investor affairs is most effective when implemented through investor relations programs. Depending on the size and the activities of the corporation, the investor relations program may be in-house and consist of only a few officers, or it may be entirely outsourced to public or financial relations firms (Argenti, 2009). Communication programs are necessary for the majority of businesses they help to place market status of corporate stock in the hands of investors, as well as limit control of stock price b y management (Coyle, n.d.). Furthermore, Coyle (n.d.) states that CEOs and their individual corporate investor relations programs must recognize that the market followings themselves are tiered thus corporate advertising, direct mail and even telecommerce strategies can be beneficial (p. 1). These investor relations responsibilities are carried out through the establishment of investor relations programs. These programs help to connect the entity to society, as well as build a line of proactive and antiphonal relationships with investors.Proactive CommunicationProactive communication is necessary for companies seeking to add value to their stock. Proactively engage investors, especially valuable investors, is a key role of the investor relations program. A hands-on attitude is positive for increasing productivity of a firm, as well as constructively driving the decision-making process for management and investors (Hughes and Demetrious, 2006). Conger, 2004 explainsIf a company is nt proactive at all with its investor relations efforts, some investors are still bound to find it. But more investorshave a limited amount of time at their disposal. They will, therefore, invest in those companies they have heard of, are familiar with and can trust. When a company is willing to communicate, it decreases investors uncertainty and risk (p. 1).Argenti (2009) also adds that communication strategies should be intact for both expected and unhoped-for situation, such as mergers and crisis situations. A company that takes on a proactive communication role with investor relations is likely heading towards investee success.Reactive CommunicationAnother important aspect of investor relations programs is reactive communication, which focuses on making use of investor responses, concerns, suggestions and preferences. One large petroleum company, Voyager crude oil (2010), made a special effort to acquire Marmel Communications LLC, a well-equipped communications corporation. T his business decision supported Voyagers desire to reach out for investor input. Voyager Petroleum (2010) announced, Our police squad is inviting all shareholders to an exclusive investor controlled forum. Our staff and members have requested that all Voyager Petroleum shareholders join our community and share their thoughts on the company, its development and future expectation (p. 1). The main benefit of a company choosing to practice this type of reactive communication is to understand the mindset of their investors in order to know where the company can change and improve. The corporate forum method used by Voyager for reactive communication is beneficial by providing an area for a wide variety of feedback on all aspects of the entity. Ettredge and Gerdes (2005) also support reactive communication through venues like website forums because investor and investee information is able to be presented in legion(predicate) forms, such as video, audio, pictures and text. Website for ums also support multiple languages (Ettredge and Gerdes, 2005). Corporations that require their investor relations programs to use reactive communication will more quickly know the key to success.Investor Relations AdvancementAs technology advances, all aspects of the business world advance this includes investor relations and communications. As manufacturing, information storage and many other areas of the corporate world advance, communications to investors also advance. Some companies seek to only become more efficient with familiar methods. Vahouny (2004) describes how companies can use modern-day automation to develop more effective communication through typical actions using advertising, employee letters, collateral, client letters and press releases (p. 1). Also, Boyd and Boyd (2008) explain how advancements can be made by effectively carrying out other general practice such as shareholder votes, calls and letters. Some firms still advance in the area of presenting, recordin g and reposting speeches to investors (Boyd and Boyd, 2008).However, many modern-day businesses are move in investor communications directly by way of technology and the internet. Boyd and Boyd (2008) carry that communication such as speeches is becoming outdated, and that most similar methods of communication provide information or form, but rarely both. In general, the internet is taking over the investor relations function by offering genial form and necessary information. Companies such as Chevron are trust investor relations, communications and marketing through the use of emails, blogs and social networking websites. Thompson (2009) saysChevron is among the many companies that not only hosts an official investor relations Twitter feed, but promotes it on the companys Media Resources rogue online. Chief Twitterer is Chevron media adviser Justin Higgs. Cisco is another company that hosts an investor relations forepart on Twitter the company has multiple Twitter sites, incl uding ones such as CiscoGeeks and CiscoEvents (p. 1).Twitter is a social networking website where information is quickly and easily released live to the internet for millions to see on mobile phones, computers and other electronic devices. These companies also communicate to the public through Facebook, a social networking website available to anyone with an active email address (Thompson, 2009). Firms that are jumping on the technological bandwagon are advancing investor relations communications exponentially. For a corporate department that thrives on providing timely and accurate information, the internet has revolutionized, and will continue to revolutionize, the investor relations function. closeIn conclusion, publicly traded businesses make a great effort to add value to their entities in order to maximize the benefits received by the investing community. By taking every possible step to have the best communication with investors, corporations are increasing the value of their business and stock. In consideration of this, investor relations are understandably a major function of doing business, and a major function of corporate communication. Argenti (2009) states As companies strive to maximize shareholder value, they must continually communicate their progress toward that goal to the investing public (p. 203). As companies strive in this direction, the relationship between meeting corporate objectives and communication must be comprehended. This understanding by some corporations has brought communications for investor relations to a stage where programs are being established to take-on the role of entire departments, such as public relations. In the end, businesses will best identify with communications in the context of investor relations by aspect at an overview of the investor relations function, knowing how to organize investor relations, learning about investor relations programs and being informed on investor relations advancements. Above all, Companies need to follow a communication strategy that includes a clear understanding of the companys objectives and a thorough analysis of all its constituencies so that appropriate messages can be crafted and delivered (Argenti, 2009, p. 222).

The Construction Quality Assessment System Construction Essay

The spin calibre judging System Construction EssayCONQUAS stands for Construction fiber Assessment System. Construction Industry Development Board Singapore now cognise as the create and Construction liberty ca-ca developed it for the culture public sector agencies and the mingled leading industriousness professional bodies to clipping the flavour level of completed labor (The National House Buyers fri overthrowship (HBA), 2009).The Building and Construction potential (BCA) is an agency under the Singapores Ministry of National Development. The BCA is championing the growth of an excellent built environment for Singapore. Built environment refers to buildings, structures and infrastructure in our surroundings that provide the decorateting for the communitys activities. (Building and Construction bureau, 2006)At the beginning, the CONQUAS was introduced notwithstanding to the local anaesthetic bodily structure industry. CONQUAS put one over been launched since 1989 (Building and Construction Authority, 2006).Today, CONQUAS is widely recognized and also legitimate internation hitly(prenominal)y as a benchmarking tool for select. CONQUAS is now a registered trademark. CONQUAS pass on adapted in Singapore, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, unit of mea incon scrutinyablemented Kingdom, Australia, S surface(a)h Africa and India, UK and Hong Kong reflexion industries (Building and Construction Authority, 2006).The take away of CONQUAS was introduced to have a measuring stick flavour sound judgement trunk for anatomical structure projects. Further more, CONQUAS is to modify note assessment to be carried step forward agreementatic all toldy inwardly reasonable appeal and time. anyway, CONQUAS is used to measure fiber of constructed works against trade modulars and specification (Building and Construction Industry, 2005).However, CONQUAS is an indep shuttingent assessment. It is carried out by assessors from BCA Singapore. It was projected to gauge and benchmark the spirit of cunning through the taste approach. On the different hand, it means not all unit pass on be stargoned or evaluated by the assessor. Random samples leave behind be pre-selected and inspected to fight down the flavour of the complete project (The National House Buyers link (HBA), 2009).Since the launch of CONQUAS in 1989, more than 2,238 public and private building projects have been assessed by BCA. The total accumulative contract value of the assessed projects exceeds 81.9billion Singapore dollar (Building and Construction Authority, 2006).In 1998, BCA introduced a number of new features to CONQUAS resulting in the launch of CONQUAS 21 (Building and Construction Authority, 2006). Now, Malaysia is applying CONQUAS 21 into the building projects.Problem StatementThe normal calibre of the building intersectionion becomes the signifi dirty dogt issue that is always discussed and disputed by the contractors, developers, and investors or hall buyers. superior assessment of the building before the developer va fecest possession to the buyer is the significant issue for the developer. The developer shall delivery the final building product to the securer which the building is achieved a standard prize. However, how many get out ask How should I find out the feel of the product (property) that I purchased is fairly justified with the impersonate along of money that I paid? Many of the investors and the house buyer atomic number 18 sacrificing a huge money to appoint a famous Feng Shui master, to carry on a property surveys and engaged property agent prior make decision to invest the property. Has the flavour standard of the building product been conscious and same as the portray unit? (The National House Buyers Association (HBA), 2009). in that respect ar many developers intended to deliver the final product to the end user with free of defects and hefty in quality. Thus, to achieve the standard quality of the building production, the contractor can adopt the Construction spirit Assessment (CONQUAS 21) in the project to develop the quality assurance workmanship of building product. Although, the CONQUAS 21 is applied in building industry, however, it is brought any benefits to the contractors, developers and end users? Moreover, what atomic number 18 the impact of the CONQUAS 21 toward the contractors, developers and end user? Consequently, the investigate worker pull up stakes carry out the research regarding the application of quality assessment system (CONQUAS 21) in construction industry.Aims ObjectivesAimsTo investigate character Assessment System (CONQUAS 21) in construction industry.ObjectivesTo composition the principle and archetype of CONQUAS 21To find out riddles occur when applying the CONQUAS 21To find out the advantages of using CONQUAS 21 range of mountains of studyThe research forget provide a detail ex proposeation on the standar d of CONQUAS 21 and procedures of the system. This is do through literature brushup on journal papers, convention papers, hold backs and browsing through web commits.Besides that, the tec aims to the population of local contractors and developers who are adopted CONQUAS 21 in the construction projects. look forer will investigate the reason of implementing the CONQUAS 21 in construction industry. Moreover, research will in-deep investigate regard the impacts and advantages of CONQUAS 21. Basically, a case study will be chaired to obtain more randomness regarding the implementation of CONQUAS 21.Research MethodologiesLiterature ResearchCover journals, relevant textbook, and internet research and conference paper is the sources that I obtain my information and doing for my literature research.Interview situation agent, supervisory program and the site manager will be interviewed by the researched to get more expatiate about the CONQUAS 21. The interview is hold at Swiss garden Residences site. fountain StudySite visit to the Swiss Garden Residence would be the best way to figure out the military capability of CONQUAS 21. Besides that, it is to figure out the problems occur when applying the CONQUAS 21.Chapter OutlineChapter 1 introductionIn this chapter, the research worker is going to slightly introduce the background of CONQUAS. Besides that, the researcher is going to talk about the aims and bearings for this research.Chapter 2 Literature checkIn this chapter, the researcher is going to discuss the concept and principle of CONQUAS 21. The information regarding the CONQUAS 21 are obtained from the literatures from books, articles, journals and web site. Moreover, the researcher is going to comment on the advantages of CONQUAS 21 and the impact of applying the CONQUAS 21.Chapter 3 design the case study and research methodologyThe researcher is going to use Swiss Garden Residences as the case study for CONQUAS 21. The researcher is going to intervi ew the project manager, site manager and site agent for obtaining the relevant information.Chapter 4 epitome of the junior-grade entropy after(prenominal) collecting the information, the researcher is going to do the compendium for the information obtained. The researcher is going to argue on the information obtained and give some opinion regarding the CONQUAS 21.Chapter 5 Conclusion and further studiesIn this chapter, the researcher is going to make a conclusion for the unharmed research and put forward out the further studies for quality assessment.Plan and inscriptionPlanned Schedule2009/20102010/2011Second SemesterFirst SemesterSecond SemesterNov declinationMayJuneJulyAugSepOctNov decIntroductionLiterature follow-upDesigning case studyAnalysisConclusionActual Schedule2009/20102010/2011Second SemesterFirst SemesterSecond SemesterNovDecMayJuneJulyAugSepOctNovDecIntroductionLiterature ReviewDesigning case studyAnalysisConclusionChapter 2Literature Review2.1 character Philo sophyDefinition of tintDifferent party defines the quality in different way. Some people will define it as to take in contract sine qua nons, instead some people define it as the satisfaction of guest and others also define as it reaches the required standards. entirety of lineaments of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied involve is the definition that The National Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines quality (Chung, 1999). The aims or requirements have been contacted or reached by any party, mean the quality standard has been achieved.Furthermore, quality also can be defined make on own opinion such(prenominal) as providing customers with products and helps that lie inently meet their needs and expectations (S.L. Tang, 2005), performance to the standard expected by the customer (S.L. Tang, 2005) and physical fitness for purpose (Chung, 1999).However, the definiton of quality is based on how a party to define, it can be defined is se veral way.Basic Concept of fictional character select is the most all-important(a) factor to be concerned in each field including construction field. In order to achieved the quality, the industries have come out with there are assessment system and guidelines to be carried out to get wind the works done in the construction industry can achieve the quality. ISO 90012000, Quality Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) and Construction Quality Assessment (CONQUAS) is the assessment system that always used by constrction industry to ensure the works done reach the quality standard requirement. Case study of CONQUAS will be carried out in more details later.Quality can be quantified as follows-Q=P/EWhere,Q = qualityP = performanceE = expectationIf Q is greater than 1.0, then the customer has a good feeling about the products or goods (Besterfield, 1998).Furthermore, There are nine belongingss in the quality. All dimensions are independent, which means that an end product can be excellent in one dimension but misfortunate in others (Besterfield, 1998). These nine dimensions details and their terms is the side by side(p)- board 1 Nine dimensions of quality and their termsDimension monetary valuePerformancesPrimary products/service characteristic such as time, cost and workmanship aspect.FeaturesSecondary characteristic, added shape such as creativity in design and attractivenes.ConformanceMeeting specification or industry standards, workmanship and clients requirement in contract.ReliabilityConsistency of performance over time, average time for the unit to fail.DurabilityUseful life period with less care or repair.ServiceResolution of problems and complaints, ease of repair.ResponseHuman to humanity interface such as efficiency during meeting, fast decision making, powerful human resources management.AestheticsSensory characteristics in design such as exterior finishes.ReputaionPast performance such as being be eldest in the tendering process.Ada pted from Garvin, 1988, Managing Quality The strategic and Competitive Edge, way of lifernistic York Free Press.Furthermore, there are always the relationship between quality with cost, value, cycle time and productivity. The details of the relationship is shown as following-Quality and ProductivityProductivity increase will influence the quality by availProductivity = Salcable output / Resources usedQuality and appealsCost will increase if the quality of conformance increaseCost will increase if the quality of design increaseQuality and Cycle dateThe cycle time will be reduce if there is improvement of quality effortThe cycle time to complete the activities is the key argumentQuality and measureOrganizations must evalute the value they provide, relative to the competitionValue = Quality / Price(S.L. Tang, 2005)2.1.3 Quality ManagementQuality management will influence the quality directly. The principles of quality management are applicable to every(prenominal) industry, wit hin all organisations and at every level (McCabe, 1988). The prefatorial last of quality management is the elimination of failure both in the concept and reality of products, services and processes (Juran, 1989).The quality management is defined as all activities of the overall management function that determine the quality policy, targets and responsibilities, and implement them by means such as quality planning, quality check over, quality assurance, and quality improvement within the quality system (McCabe, 1988)The quality management have four portrays in evolution, cognize as Quality Inspection, Quality lead (QC), Quality authorisation (QA) and amount Quality Management (TQM) (UTM, 2003). Inspection and Quality Control are retrospective their aim is find out the occurred problem by detection mode. Instead, the aim of Quality self-reliance and summarize Quality Management is reduce and to avoid problems occuring (McCabe, 1988). The characteristic of the different dos in Quality Management as shown following-Figure 1 The four stages of quality managementTQMQAQCInspectionAdapted from Dale, Boaden and Lescelles 1994 Levels of total quality management adoptionFigure 2 The four stages of quality managementQuality AssuranceQuality systems developmentAdvanced quality planningComprehensive quality manualsUse of quality costsInvolvement of non-production operationsFailure mode total Quality ManagementPolicy deploymentInvolve suppliers and customersInvolve all operationsProcess managementPerformance managementTeamworkEmployee involvementQuality ControlDevelop quality manualProcess performance entropySelf- revaluationProduct testingBasic quality planningUse of basic statisticsPaperwork controlsInspectionSalvageSorting, grading, relendingCorrective actionsIdentify sources of non-conformanceAdapted from Steven McCabe 1988 Quality good Techniques in Construction branch 1 InspectionThe first stage of quality management is control. The followup is defin ed as activity such as measuring, examining, testing or gauging one or more characteristics of an entity and comparability these results with specified requirements in order to establish whether conformity is achieved for each characteristic (McCabe, 1988).Inspection is used by most of the construction industry to ensure the conformance. The site supervisor will carried out the inspection of the construction project. The supervisor will make the comparison the architectural works and geomorphologic based on the specification and drawing. If there is any defective works found by the customers, the contractor need to rectify the defective works until fulfill the customers requirement.Stage 2 Quality Control (QC)Quality control will be carried out after the inspection done. Quality control is affected as a system of routine technical activities, to measure and control the quality of the inventory as it is being developed (Mangino, 1996).The procedure of Quality control is very compli cated. QC mostly is based on the statistical analysis. Collection of data is required in QC to maintain the quality by statistical techniques.Stage 3 Quality AssuranceQuality assurance is defined as all the planned activities implemented within the quality system, and demonstrated as needed, to provide adequate confidence that an entity will fulfill requirements for quality (McCabe, 1988).The objective of Quality Assurance (QA) is to provide adequate confidence that a service or product will fulfill customers requirement by acting system audit, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, design of experiment and confusable initiatives (UTM, 2003). In other words, QA is more specified on planning. The prevention of poor quality and defects is based on detection activities.Stage 4 Total Quality ManagementThe final stage of quality management is Total Quality Management. The implementation and understanding of quality management principles and concepts in every aspect of business activities are involved in this stage. The best service or product will be provided to the customer at the dismay cost by using these activities.However, TQM is less formal having either procedures or system, and it is hard to be described repayable to it is less in formalities (McCabe, 1988). Normally, only guidance will be provided by TQM and it consider as a philosophy.Concept and Principles of CONQUAS 212.2.1 IntroductionRecently, the requirement of customers towards the building that they purchase is quality. They wish to get the best quality of the purchase building as workable. In this condition, the developers have to play an important role to ensure the quality of the building project. The developers overcome the problem by using Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) into the construction project to maintain the standard of quality as the requirement. CONQUAS 21, ISO 90012000, QLASSIC will become the choice for the developers for their assessment system. Case study about CONQUAS 21 will be carried out by the researcher in more details.2.2.2 Objectives of CONQUAS 21There are three objectives in the CONQUAS 21 systemAct as a standard quality assessment system in construction projects.Inspecting quality assessment byMeasuring the specification and standard of the workmanship in the works doneRandomly selecting the sample as appoint the whole projectTo enable quality assessment systematically take place within reasonable cost and time(Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006)Scope of CONQUAS 21In CONQUAS 21 system, all the works done will be disposed points based on the quality standard. All of the given points will be added together to get the total quality score which also known as CONQUAS score for the construction project (Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006). The quality workmanship is better, the higher of CONQUAS score will be obtained. blow% is the maximum CONQUAS score in construction project, but our human being is ine fficient to construct a work with zero-defects.The general building works is cover by CONQUAS 21 system. There are 3 components in the assessment geomorphological kit and caboodlearchitectural plant and mechanistic Electrical (ME) WorksThere are different particular to be assessed in the different component stated above (Building and Construction Authority , 2005).CONQUAS 21 is considered as first time right inspection approach (Building and Construction Authority , 2005) means that the rectification works will not take into consideration in CONQUAS 21 score for the assessment. Furthermore, try out system is the assessment system used in the CONQUAS. The assessor will choose the unit jibe to the average, 1-in-4 apartment units in a residential development for the assessment (Building and Construction Authority , 2005). Thus, which unit will be chosen is unknown so the contractors have to ensure all of the constructed works are in good quality condition. If there is any defecti ve found, the works will be considered as failed.Besides, the heavily equipment-base such as heavy foundation, sub-structure works and long-legs is not available for assessment and the work separate contracts or sub-contracts are not included in the assessment (Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006).The inspection is different with the inspection done by the site supervisor. Normally, the contractors have to by design do an arrangement for the inspection which form a specific team up for the inspection. There is a guideline have to be followed for the assessment.Components to be assessed morphologic Works, Architectural Works and ME Works are the components under CONQUAS 21 assessment. morphological WorksStructural Works can be considered as soundbox for a building, the stability of the building will be affected if there is failure or defect in structural works. Thus, maintain its quality is necessary due to the cost of rectification is very expensive. Below show the d etails of the assessment of Structural Works-Inspection of finished cover, formwork and stigma reinforcement have to be carried out on site during the construction site. If any component constitutes exceed 20% of the total structural cost, the pre-stressed concrete and structural steel are included in the assessment. If found the formed concrete muckle more than 20% of structural concrete volume, the formed elements have to be assessed.Tensile strength of steel reinforcement and testing of compressive strength of concrete will be carried out on research laboratory testing.Non-destructive testing of the concord and the cover of hardened concrete.(Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006) appurtenance 1 shows the quality standards of Structural Works.Architectural WorksThe components and finishes are assort in Architectural Works. The workmanship and quality can be tardily seen and found. Below are the details of assessment of Architectural Works- afterwards the buildin g have complete, the assessment have to be carried out on roofs, external works, external walls and midland finishes. All the assessment have to be carried out on site. Internal walls, doors, components, windows and floors are sort under the internal finishes.Functional and material tests such as on external walls and bail of internal wall tiles and water-tightness of window.(Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006)Appendix 2 shows Architectural Works quality standard.Mechanical Electrical (ME) WorksThe progress of whole building will be influenced by ME Works. Air conditioning Mechanical Ventilation Works (ACMV), Electrical works, the basis ME fittings and Fire Protection Works are classified under the progress of the building. Below are the stage of assessment-Concealed pipes, ACMV ductworks and electrical conduits are classified as installed works, the inspection on the item have to be carried out before introduce on site.The engine cooling system tower, fire alarm control panel and Air-Handling Unit (AHU) are the final installed works which the assessment have to be carried out on site.Dry Riser Test, Earthing Test and Water drive Test are considered as selected works. The performance tests are carried out on them.(Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006)Appendix 3 show the quality standard of ME Works.The Weightages blare A (Commercial, Industrial, Institution and Others), goof B (Condominium, Institution and Others), scour C (Public housing), and jackass D (Landed properties) are the four categories of building that distribute the weightages for ME Works, Architectural Works and Structural Works in CONQUAS 21 system.The objective of weightage system is making the quality of a building is based on the CONQUAS score, it is a compromise between the cost proportions of the three components in the various buildings and their aesthetic consideration (Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006).In general, ME works consist 10% fo r four categories of building in average, 35% is consisted by the Structural works and the highest percentage is consisted by Architectural works which 50% in average for the four categories of buildings. The quality of Architect works is the most important with the highest percentage, second is represented by the Structural works and ME works is the lowest. knock back 2 The Weightages in CONQUAS 21ComponentsCAT A Commercial, Industrial, Institution OthersCAT B Commercial, Industrial, Institution OthersCAT C Public HousingCAT D Landed PropertiesStructural Works30%35%45%40%Architectural Works50%55%50%55%ME Works20%10%5%5%CONQUAS Score100%100%100%100%Note In general, projects with central cooling system having cooling tower, chiller system, etc are classified under CAT A. Otherwise, it will be classified under CAT B. Appendix 5 provides a guides with listing of building under the various categories.Adapted from Building and Construction Authority (BCA) CONQUAS 21 manual bookCONQUAS AssessorIn CONQUAS 21 system, only the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) officer can be the assessor to inspect the works done of the project. BCA will conduct a calibration program and training for assessors to attend to ensure ability and consistency in the assessment (Building and Construction Authority, 2006).Furthermore, CONQUAS 21 system is consider as independent assessment. Therefore, if the building or parts of the building project are acceptable, the architects and engineers are not allowed to use CONQUAS to make any decision unless the building contract specify it (Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006). samplingSampling system is introduced in the CONQUAS 21 system for the assessment. It is impossible for us to inspect every unit of the works done. Thus, the sampling system is used for the assessment, it helps the accessor a lot by saving the time and make the assessment easier due to the samples will be helter-skelter chosen by the assessor for inspe ction.Furthermore, the sampling system want to make sure the inspection is sufficient to represent the whole building by referring to the gross floor area of the building.The assessment of CONQUAS 21Assessment approachSampling system is used by the CONQUAS 21 as the assessment system, the sample will be randomly selected for the quality assessment according to the location plan and drawing plan and it will be distributed based on the construction stages (Building and Construction Authority (BCA), 2006).The scoring will be done on the works that are inspected for the first time because the objective of this practice is to encourage contractors doing things right the first time is the principle of the CONQUAS 21 system which want to make sure all the contractor do the works well and maintain the quality in first time. Thus, the scoring will not take into study for the rectification works, only the first time works done will be inspected and scored in the CONQUAS 21 system (Building a nd Construction Authority (BCA), 2006).In filling the assessment form, X mean the work done do not fulfill the CONQUAS quality standard after inspection on it. Instead, consider the inspected work have reached the quality standard stated in the CONQUAS system. Besides, not applicable item will be noted as - in the assessment form. The number of over the total number of item assessed is the final score of CONQUAS for the whole project.Structural works assessmentAfter the whole projects have been completed, the inspection on structural works only can be done. Wall, slab, beam and column can be classified as the Structural works. Below show the details of the assessment of a reinforced concrete structure-Table 3 The assessment of a reinforced concrete structureReinforced cover StructureWeightage %Formwork15Rebar20Finished Concrete25Concrete Quality5Steel Reinforcement Quality5NDT UPV test for concrete uniformity15NDT Electro-Cover meter test for concrete cover15Total100*If total formed concrete volume exceeds 20% of total structural concrete volume, assessment will be carried out for precast concrete construction. The points will be distributed proportionately between formwork/rebar assessment and precast concrete assessment based on the respective concrete volume percentage.Adapted from Building and Construction Authority CONQUAS 21 manual bookThe structural works assessment is carried out by using sampling system which mean only part of the samples have been chosen to represent whole project for the assessment, not every unit is inspected. Thus, there are some guidelines for the assessment of structural works. The guidelines are shown as below-Table 4 Guidelines for Structural works assessmentItemsGFA per precedentMin SampleMax SampleRemarks1Structural Elements500 m230clFor Non-Housing Project1aStrctural Elements1500 m23050For Housing Project2Concrete Compressive Strength100%Declaration by Qualified Person3Steel reinforcement Tensile Strength100%Declarat ion by Qualified Person4NDT UPV test for concrete uniformity5,000 m22 sets20 sets5 structure members per set5NDT Electro-Cover meter test for concrete cover5,000 m22 sets20 sets5 structure members per setNote The computed number of elements to be checked must be as distributed throughout the entire block and cover at least 50% of floors in a block. They should also as far as possible cover the different types of structural elements.Adapted from Building and Construction Authority CONQUAS 21 manual bookThe inspection is only site inspection, the inspection cannot be done at precast yard due to all the structure works to be inspected is cast in-situ concrete works, not the precast component. The inspection of the structural works is according to compliance to the standards (see in the Appendix 1, 1a, 1b 1c).The further assessment will be required if the structural steelwork in the structural works exceed 20% of the structural cost and the points will be distributed proportionately . The Pre-stressing Works is similar with the str

Handicraft business in the UK

Handicraft business in the UKINTRODUCTIONThe objective of this report is to study and prep atomic number 18 the business propose for a commerce business in UK. This business intend deals with the feasibility analysis, idea generation, and industry analysis at both the local and spheric level to understand the commercialise and business factors.The securities industry analysis is excessively d angiotensin-converting enzyme, primarily through the secondary st guiles to capture the potential require of handicrafts in the UK foodstuff and the trends which the customer be looking for in this industry. After analyzing the motive, the good analysis was done for the business.For the success of any business, it is necessary that the idea or the basis of the plan should be strong. But it is bidwise imperative that the plan should micturate into account a true interpret of financials to receive a strong foundation on which the business base be reinforced upon. Therefore i n the report, a detailed preparation of cash attend analysis, profitability analysis and the anticipate expenditure in the business has been taken care of. The report has taken into consideration the risk factor likewise which the business involves to consider before commencing on the work.Handicraft is a business which needs non single financial cap unless besides human capital and it is necessary that dexterous confinement is on hand(predicate) in plenty. The attrition consecrate is low in this industry provided they are provided with adequate support and wages. In the report I harbour tried and true to touch upon that issue as sanitary. Also the manner in which the produces would be sold and enkindled in the foodstuff would be taken care of. We would not be opening our own stores for straight and would be transporting on to other retailers. However the idea of opening the stores is not discarded as whole for now and would be seen as an option at a later sta ge in the life of the business. Heavy spending is aforethought(ip) to promote the products in the initial phase of the business and discordant media vehicles would be tried upon to promote the products well in the mart. The business as of now focusing primarily on the UK market and later on in the later stage, the business female genitals be expanded further.Handicraft exertionThe handicraft industry is one of the most productive sectors in the economy. The crusade being that this sector not save uses the raw materials but in like manner give employment opportunities to a number of lot. Thus not only financial capital and raw material is employed but in any case a lot of human capital is withal apply in this business (Garrison, 2008).According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) transnational Symposium on Crafts and the International Market Trade and customs codification, Manila, Philippines, October 1997.Handicrafts can be define d as products which are produced either completely by hand or with the help of tools. Mechanical tools may be used as long as the direct manual contribution of the craftsman remains the most substantial component of the finished product. Handicrafts are make from the raw materials and can be produced in unlimited numbers. Such products can be utilitarian, aesthetic, cultural, artistic and may realize a social, religious and typic significance (Robertson, 2002).Industry psychoanalysisUK has been a country with a wealthy and diverse culture. Lot of migrant people also resides in various parts of the country. It is because of this that handicraft industry has played an important role in this country. The industry provides economic advantage to a greater extent than because of the demand from various strata of the population (Mathias, 2001).Handicrafts fork over always attracted people much because of their cultural importance and it crosses barriers too. The customers in any ma rket look for handicrafts from not only the local market but also from the other countries (Barlow, 1991). Therefore both the cultural and financial determines are attached to this industry. This industry by its mass and merchandise scale lies in the middle class as not much finance and manufacturing facilities are needed in this business. The industry is decentralized and is sweat intensive. Not some players fight in this market and only dispirited players officiate in this area. The sector employs a lot of people and olibanum acts as a medium of employment for lot of people. The sector has seen an subjoin in growth much due to the fact that people have been more open to the culture of other countries and are accepting it more often. The era of globalization has helped in the revival of this industry not only in the UK market but also in other markets too (Andrews, 2009).Classification of Handicrafts IndustryHandicraft products can be distinguished into the hobbyMetal ware woodwind instrument wareHand printed textilesEmbroidered and crocheted goodsShawlsCarpetsEmbroidered goodsBamboo productsZari goodsEarthenware and jute productsMiscellaneous handicrafts dress up Analysis of Handicraft IndustryStrengthsMarket is diversified and has huge potentialPresence of large product variety because of various culturesLow capital investitureFlexibility in production of goods as per market demandLow barriers to the entry of new playersProducts sold are noble measure out ones and have diversified usageWeaknessLack of coordination between governing body bodies and companiesInadequate information on the up-to-the-minute market trendsLack of skilled labourOpportunitiesDevelopment of domestic tourism sector which helps in boosting sales. utilization of internet and other technologies in boosting the market potentialRising demand because of people becoming more open to culturesThreatsLack of branding opportunities in this sectorThreats from the developing countries like India and China in terms of resources moving in PropositionWe would be dealing in the limited confine of handicraft industry as many products come under its purview. Our play along would table service the needs of the customers in only the woody handicrafts market. The reason for choosing this is that in UK market these products are used almost in every home. Products like nonfunctional chairs, desks, beds, sofas which are made by hand are seen as high esteem products in the market as customers look for something different. Particularly for the UK customer, they need products which not only serve their functional purpose but also add something extra. It is with this that we plan to enter in this industry with this specific set of products.Wooden handicrafts refer to a wide range of wooden items carrying utilitarian and artistic value that are made by hand o with the use of simple tools. They are made by unmatched workmanship, have fine designs and have subtle elegance. T he products require low capital investment to manufacture. The wooden handicraft sector provides a high ratio of value addition and has emerged as one of the major sources of foreign exchange in the country too. (Sumption, 2010)Market AnalysisMajority of the current players in the market deal in almost all the product categories in the wooden handicraft industry. (Macleod, 2006)Retailing is not done by them and they deal in mostly the production part. They have retailing contracts with other partners which help them sell the productsMonthly production units are majorly in the range of thousands of units for all the products uniteWooden and glass handicrafts are majorly in demand in the UK market. (John, 2006)Inventories are usually kept low as these products are sold and produced in lower units in the market.Almost all the players in the market lock the labor at a contractual basis rather than on a permanent basis.Many of the players take the route of exhibition to promote their pr oducts to the customers. (Mathias, 2001)These products are high margin products as they are mainly value based ones. indeed high margin and medium volume is loosely the trend in the industryCompetitionThe following players currently operate in the market and sell wooden handicrafts in the market.World guile and Crafts Ltd.Java ArtElements Ltd.Demand Analysis and ForecastingDuring our study we also analysed the demand pattern for the various products in the wooden handicraft market and it came to around 50000 units per month on approximation. There is a demand show gap in the market as according to our supply the current players in the market are able to provide close to 30000 units only. Hence we consider a huge potential to be catch up in the market.(Boseley,2009)The market is growing closely at an annual rate of 15%. Hence it is decided that the capacity would be initially 60% for the origin year and then it exit grow accordingly.Marketing giveAs mentioned before, our busine ss involves only manufacturing the products. Therefore we would use a communicate of retailers called partners to sell our products in the market. These would be mainly big retailers like WalMart, Tesco etc.Strategic Marketing PlanWooden handicraft particularly the article of furniture part is an unbranded commodity and hence manufacturers generally do not have to spend too much on the promotional part. It is break-dance for them to increase the margin given to the retailers so that they push the company product more in front of the customers.However in order to discover our offering and to capture the customer base, it is necessary to have a basal strategic marketing plan. The following would be the strategies used by usSteady supply with timely delivery to fulfill the demand in the market thereby providing products with high qualityProducts would be given stress on the design front. Designs would be based on several themesOrders would also be taken online from the customers apart from being available in the retailThe company plans to both manufactures the products locally in the UK market as well as import some of it from the Indian market. Indians play a decisive role in UK both in terms of trade and demographics and frankincense there is a market to serve the Indian community.The other reasons to source the products from India areThe demand for Indian wooden handicrafts is evergreen. It is both difficult for the labour in UK to produce these handicrafts as the design in Indian art work is quite intricate. Hence it is decided that some portion of our products would be sourced directly from the Indian producers, mainly based in states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.Indian being a developing country, both the labour and raw materials are quite cheap as compared to other developed countries. Hence it makes grit to outsource some of the production work.Indian artisans are well know around the world. British make a major portion of the people visiting India every year and hence they come in abut with Indian art and culture too. Thus getting products from market like India helps in understanding the customer taste and keep the product portfolio up to date.Some of the Indian players which have been shortlisted and considered for sourcing of the products are as followsKhan humanities IndiaMadnik InternationalGoyal IndiaIndus TradeHandmade CraftsAntiquity HandicraftsAll the products in the portfolio would be sourced from these six major exporters in India. These players have been selected aft(prenominal) thorough seek of their business and their financials. They enjoy good reputation in the Indian market and also export to other players in different countries. It is decided to have business with six players as it will help us shift our risk and help us maintain a steady full point of products from India. These players are from different parts of the country and thus the products served by them would have different designs as In dia being a vast country has many sub cultures which attract many people worldwide.Technical AnalysisWood carving is a time consuming process as craftsmen take time to make every piece. The process may take a week to months depending upon the level of intricacy in the design. The process use a lot of different tools also like saw, lathes, drills, chain saws etc.Machinery referThe following machinery would be used by the workers in the businesschemical substance treatment plantSeasoning plantSurface planner submarine sandwichDrillerGaze machineSanding machineStructure and Civil Work advertise RequirementsHandicraft is a labour intensive product and thus a lot depends on the kind of labour employed.Financial Analysis introductory Assumptions underlying the financial projectionsThe construction period will last one yearThe company would work 365 eld a yearThe expected capacity utilization will be 60% in first year, 65% in second year and the increment based on past performance.The te rm bring would be re-paid in 14 compare half-yearly installments. The interest rate on the outstanding term loan would be 12%The bank finance for working capital will cost interest rate 12%The depreciation rates for company law purpose would beBuilding 3.34%Plant and Machinery 8%Misc unconquerable assets 5%The suppliers for raw material would provide credit for 15 daysThe salvage value is assumed to be 5% of fixed assets. sales ForecastSales Forecast (units) class20102011 2012Units95001200015000ConclusionThe business plan has been vigilant keeping in mind all the factors and taking financials to the best of the contribute picture. It is therefore expected that the actual outcome would represent the true picture of this outlined plan.Finally, my personal interest in this field will break to establish my own business. These will result in successful and sustainable business.ReferencesAndrews, J.(2009).Handel allinglese, Playbill,. Accessed from http//www.playbillarts.com/feature s/article/4236.html (Last Accessed 5th inch 2010)Barlow, I.( (1991) Metropolitan Government. Accessed from http// www.new.wales.co.uk (Last Accessed 5th March 2010)Boseley, S (2009). The question Whats behind the baby boom? The Guardian. Accessed from http//www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2008/jul/14/familyandrelationships.women (Last Accessed 5th March 2010)Garrison, Webb B. (2008).Why You Say It. Accessed from http//www.readbooksonline.net (Last Accessed 5th March 2010)MacLeod, Donald (2006). Britain second in world seek rankings. The Guardian. Accessed from http//www.guardian.co.uk/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4 (Last Accessed 5th March 2010)Mathias.P (2001). The First industrial Nation the Economic History of Britain. Accessed from http//www.johnbirchall-economist.com (Last Accessed 5th March 2010)Mathias.P (2001).The First industrial Nation the Economic History of Britain. Published by Routledge, ed.2, pp. 56-58Mensah. J (2006). British culture on a high rise.Rober tson, Kirsty (2006), How to Knit an Academic Paper. queen University, 30 March 2006Sumption, M.(2010). The UKs new Europeans Progress and challenges five years after accession. Equality and Human Rights Commission. Accessed from http//www.equalityhumanrights.com (Last Accessed 5th March 2010)BibliographyBhagat, Usha, Life to a last art, The Hindu Folio, 21 March, 1999, pp. 45-56Rajkumar, Nonika, Life to a Dying Art of embellishment The Chmba Rumal, House Calls, Vol 2, No. 1, March-April 2000, pp 12-21.Philippson, Peter, British Gestalt Journal, Vol.1 No.1, July 1990Chamberlain, A. H., Opportunities and limitations of paper and cardboard in school, manual(a) Training Magazine, January, 04, p 34Cremins, J. C, Design in the primary grades, Year Book, Council of Supervisors of the Manual Arts, 2006, pp 74-76.Daniels, J. F., Library handicraft at Greeley, Manual Training Magazine, Jan., 2001.Dodd, A. E., handicraft training for the normal student, Proceedings Eastern Manual Training A ssociation, Ed. 2, pp 93-101Bailey, H. T., Analysis of modern printing, The Printing Art, May, June, 2007, pp -84-89.

Mahindra And Mahindra: SWOT and PESTEL Analysis

Mahindra And Mahindra SWOT and PESTEL AnalysisK. C. Mahindra is the person who imbeded Mahindra and Mahindra when he visited united States of America as Chairman of the India Supply Mission. When he met Barney Roos who invented general bearing vehicle or Jeep who was the inspiration for K. C. Mahindra.K. C. Mahindra Br different(prenominal)s joined with Ghulam Mohammed. And Mahindra Mohammed was set up as franchise for assembling jeeps from Willys, USA on October 2nd, 1945. After 2 social classs Mahindra Mohammed changed its name to Mahindra Mahindra. Mahindra Mahindra grown in size and stature and it homogeneouswise occupied a premier position in all primordial sectors of economy. Mahindra Mahindra congregation is engaged in an ambitious and prolonged penetration into the world-wide atomic number 18na.DIFFERENT VEHICLES IN MAHINDRA MAHINDRA physique a Indias first Prime Minister. FIG b Mahindra ScorpioA passenger in the pastFIG c The electric car of Mahindra and F IG d Mahindra tractor.its name is Mahindra REVA.FIG e Mahindra Jeeps are used FIG f Two wheeler imitate in Mahindra Mahindrafor daily transport in Agra. and its name is Mahindra Flyte.The play along encapsulated its ambition, temper and inspiration from golden words of Pandit Jawaharlal NehruThe woods are lovely, dark and deep,solely I deplete promises to keep,And miles to go ahead I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.The golden words are translated into many a nonher(prenominal) more milest stars to be set up before it rest. forthwith, It has evolved into a premium SUV(Sport returns Vehicle) and MUV(Multi Utility Vehicle) with a large number of cars in the Indian car mart. Today in the Indian car commercialise we locoweed see triplet types of Mahindra cars they are Mahindra Bolero, Mahindra Maxx, Mahindra Scorpio. In the present scenario Mahindra Mahindra total turnover is of roughly 6 billion dollars.Organization analysisMission/ imageryGoals and ObjectivesStrategy followedVision Indians are second in the world in manufacturing automobiles. The nameers of our nation and our follow passionately believed by us. We will prove them right by believe in ourselves and by making MM Ltd. known worldwide for the note of its mathematical product and services. And its refreshing instaurations.The important goal of Mahindra Mahindra is to provide highly expert innovative product and services .E- teleph cardinal line Initiatives and by out sourcing of technologyProducts that redefined the marketBy 2015 Mahindra Mahindra fatalitys to inaugurate al well-nigh all continents in the world.Joint embarks, learnedness and merger with assorted players in other countriesForeign competition.Mission of Anand MahindraWe dont confound a separate-wide mission statement. Our core purpose is what makes all of us want to choke up and come to work in the morning.Mr. Mahindra awardsRajiv Gandhi Award 2004 for dandy contribution in business field.From Preside nt of French Republic as Knight of the Order of Merit.In the year 2005 from Auto Monitor as Person of the year.From American India Foundation 2005 Leadership Award for his, and the Mahindra Mahindra group for its dedication to CSR(Corporate kindly Responsibility).CNBC Asia Business Leader Award for the year 2006.Business military personnel of the year 2007 from Business India.Business Leader of the year 2009 by frugal Times.Miles st mavins of Mahindra MahindraIn 1948 Mahindra Mahindra LTD associated with UK for Steel trading business.In 1957 Mahindra Owen established- a joint venture with Rubery Owen Company LTD, UK.In 1969 the Company entered the world market which exports utility vehicles and clean-cut parts.In 1975 Mahindra Engines coached an diesel engine for its vehicles.In 1982 the Mahindra brand tractors were launched.In 1986 Tech Mahindra (formerly known as Mahindra British Telecom) is established.In 1994 Mahindra group created 6 strategic Business Units they are Au tomotive or Automobiles, Trading, Farm Equipment, groundwork, monetary Services, Information Technology(earlier it is Telecom and Software) and Systech(earlier it is MSAT).In 1999 Mahindra group launched a 3-wheeler vehicle which is environmental friendly, a battery-operated.In the year 2007 Mahindra group focused on headspringness and the environment. It launched Mahindra Hariyali, which aims to add 1 million trees to Indias green cover and it alike launched life line Express.In the year 2007 Tech Mahindra LTD launched Tech Mahindra Foundation on June thirteenth 2007.These are the some of the milestones of Mahindra Mahindra groups.FOUR Is of Mahindra MahindraThe four IsINNOVATIONS.INFRASTRUCTURE.INVESTIMENT.INSTITUTIONS.INNOVATIONS Mahindra Mahindra is one of the top industries in India. The director of the Mahindra Mahindra, Anand Mahindra, put innovation is the core of its growth strategy. The radical innovation is successful in managing the balance between the structured treates and the creation of an environment. consort to this MM groupInnovation should start with the insight about customer, which the Mahindra Mahindra group found by going to fields and observing the lives of farmers. And this group found that the tractors were used for personal use.The Mahindra Mahindra group encourages the experiments.The new inventions should add value to go withs crapper line that is nothing but profit.The important point is that great products should realize great design. and then Mahindra Mahindra took this initiative and made the culture of innovation.INFRASTRUCTURE The Mahindra Mahindra home is a JV between Mahindra theme and International Finance Corporation. It workings close association with global companies to bring world class technologies and practices. It principally focus on ownership, development and management of infrastructure projects. It is becoming the jumper lead infrastructure developer in the agricultural.INSTITUTIONS The Ma hindra Mahindra group is placed in all sectors likeTelecommunications and it is named as Tech Mahindra.Software, Mahindra Mahindra came to software field after purchase Satyam company and it is named as Mahindra SatyamMahindra Mahindra to a fault has its recognition in the Infrastructure and it is named as Mahindra Infrastructure Developers. In this it too agree holiday resorts it named as Mahindra Holidays and Resort LTD (MHRIL)Mahindra Mahindra is one of the top sedulousness in India for automobiles and it is the starting point of Mahindra Mahindra company.Mahindra Mahindra also pertain in financial sector and its name is Mahindra Mahindra Financial Service LTD.Mahindra Mahindra Group also have Mahindra Special Services which was established in 2001 as a separate division in Mahindra Mahindra.Mahindra Mahindra also have Mahindra defense team Systems which oversees the requirement of Indias Defence and Security forces.INVESTIMENTS Mahindra Mahindra group have shares in many companies. Presently Mahindra Mahindra Group want to lease Ssangyong and expand its business in international market. But on other hand, its investors are quite distrustful regarding the investment. In the past Mahindra Mahindra Group made many Joint Ventures and acquisitions and it has forayed into different sectors of automobiles like light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles. It also ambitious to acquire dickens wheelers also.PESTEL ANALYSIS ON MAHINDRA MAHINDRAMany factors in the environment that touch the organization areTax changes.Trade barriers.Government indemnity changes. young laws.Demographic change.These are the some of the macro changes. Thus to analyze these factors we categorize them using PESTEL analysis. The PESTEL analysis take ons Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Ecological, Legal factors.Political Factors This is a Government policy which includes what are the goods and services does a Government want, to what extent the judicat ure can subsidize firms and its priorities in political decisions and business support.The factors related to Mahindra Mahindra groupFor Mahindra tractor industry the Government laid stress on mechanism of agriculture to march on food grain production.Change in Taxation policy.Regaining uncouth dynamism is the key goal in eleventh Five year plan.Economical Factors The Economical factors which includes taxation change, inflation, fire rates, economic growth and turn rates.The factors related to Mahindra Mahindra groupCost of tractors in India are more cheaper when compared to other countries.95% of tractors are on credit based.For agriculture inputs Less interest rate charged by the banks.Social Factors As the population increases the necessary on goods get increased. Thus there will be contract for firm products and industry.As there is increase in awareness in farmers there is a need technology and thus there is a requirement of tractors and farmers can buy tractors on cred it bases.To meet the farmers deal the mechanized operations are preferred to eliminate delay, also crunch shortage.The other main important thing which Mahindra Mahindra do for its long-term sustainability is CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility). Mahindra Mahindra group spend Rs. 1.3 crore it is head donation in its annual name. Its activities include K. C. Mahindra Education Trust which provides education at various levels. There is another program for helping unprivileged girl child at the Mahindra foundation it is Nanhi. This are the main things which are done by Mahindra Mahindra group for its long-term sustainability. The Mahindra Mahindra also have its own foundation as Mahindra Foundation which was set up with a specific objective that to provide medical relief to short(p) people.The Mahindra foundation always very responsive to any major disasters whether it has been interpreted as tsunami or the Gujarat earthquake, it provided support either by financially or by sen ding vehicles, supplying manpower or material.Technological Factors amplification in new Technology can create new products and process which can cast down the cost, improve the quality, lead to innovation and also reduce the life cycle of the product. This technology will benefit consumers as well as organizations.The factors related to Mahindra Mahindra groupContinuous technological innovation.Continuous receipts in technology will reduce use of Renewable zip development.Ecological Factors It include weather and climate change. The major climate changes occurring repayable to Acid rain, Green-house effect, Global warming thus it is becoming significant for the firms. Thus because of this impact environmentally friendly products and processes have more demand and also creating business opportunities.The factors related to Mahindra Mahindra groupGlobal Warming.Mahindra group is trying to tire electric cars to reduce the pollution and also reduce the usage of renewable goods. Legal Factors Legal factors are related to legal environment. In late years the developing countries changed the Legal factors which affected the firms in other countries callable to globalization.The legal factors related to Mahindra Mahindra groupAgricultural policyCollaboration with government which shapes policy issues.SWOT ANALYSISSWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) of Mahindra Mahindra groupStrengths of Mahindra Mahindra groupMahindra Mahindra is one of the top players in the world in terms of number of tractors sold. This itself shows that Mahindra Mahindra market share is the biggest strength of the company. It also have highest domestic share. The some other strengths of Mahindra Mahindra groupProduct portfolio of Mahindra Mahindra got extended from 20hp to 30hp.There is government support for Mahindra Mahindra Group.A handiness of technically skilled people from JTC (Jiangling Tractor Company).For its next stage of expansion Mahindra Mahindra have a strategy. It not only focus on new products, it also have a programme of intensive management development to establish its leader for future.The major strength of Mahindra Mahindra is it have ability to introduce new products and process in to the market and also can generate gross revenue for those new products.Weakness of Mahindra Mahindra groupThe production is non- competitory because of high interest cost and overheads.Infrastructure of this group is Bottle neck.The companys passenger cars are based upon tertiary and 4th generation platform.In this group there is lack of ability for new plant layout.Another weakness of Mahindra Mahindra is multi franchise.In Mahindra Mahindra there is no effective dealership.The MM is mainly dependent on rude sector, the rural sector mainly depends on monsoon. Thus if there is bad monsoon for two consecutive years which leads to adverse impact on demand for tractors.Opportunities of Mahindra Mahindra groupRural demand is increased.In come level is increasing.Ban for overloading of commercial vehicles.With the support of topical anesthetic partners there is an easy entry to Chinese market.The Mahindra Mahindra will be more competitive in Chinese market if they provided after sales service.To get more demand the Mahindra Mahindra group should export Chinese range tractors to India and Indian range tractors to China.Mahindra also entered in to software field after buying satyam and renamed it as Mahindra Satyam.Threats of Mahindra Mahindra groupInput cost got increased.Competition also increasing.The most important threat of Mahindra Mahindra is legal consideration.In China the Banking facilities are undeveloped.The MM also involved in different fields like holidays, telecommunication industry, financial services and resort etc. Which should have good subsidiaries from clock time to time if these are unmanageable this will divert the companys attention from its business which leads to destruction of sharehold ers value.Mahindra Mahindra will face more competition if the foreign players enter in to the tractor segment because these foreign players are technically more competitive when compared to MM.CONCULSION Thus according to research on Mahindra Mahindra Group it shows that the company uses the Strategic Key points in the external environment for long-term sustainability and sustained success. It is the one which encourages the new ideas and also have plan to sale the new product in the market. This company is the one which try to develop new products for consumers. Mahindra Mahindra company is also socially responsible it give 1.3 crore only from its annual report for helping poor and unprivileged girls. Which shows that the company not only think about its profits but also feel the responsible about our country India. It is that which also do international trading with other countries. It also have a clear vision and goal which shows the dedication of the company. The mission itse lf says that it is not thinking about profits but it want develop ourselves. Mahindra and Mahindra tries to develop the new products which do not harm the environment and save the renewable resources example MAHINDRA REVA which is an electric car. According to research it shows that Mahindra Mahindra is one company which is view and trusted by consumers and it is the top industry in INDIA.

Evolution Of Substance Abuse In Mauritius Criminology Essay

Evolution Of middle Ab procedure In Mauritius Criminology EssaySubstance holler is a multi-facetted enigma that plagues a whole society, irrespective of several(prenominal)(predicate) age categories and social classes. The consequences and the measuring stick of deterioration ca white plagued to the individual, the family and society ar diverse. Mauritius, while be a refined island of approximately 1.2 one million million million1inhabitants unless, far away from the leading powers of the global prudence, and niched at the heart of the Indian Ocean has not been sp bed from this issue. consort to the National medicine check shoot Masterplan 2004-20092, the age of initiation to internality clapperclaw in Mauritius starts from as early as 11 years because of peer or media influence. The precept of bone marrow abuse is merely not this simple. Sometimes, some people cut into in to the instinctive human behaviour which is trying to find the easiest cope from harsh rea lities and nuisances of daily life, and resort to substance abuse.Evolution of substance abuse in MauritiusSubstance abuse may fall in become an dreadful phenomenon of late, but medicines have been present in Mauritius for a far durable time. The use of doses has been recorded to have started with as early as during the French colonisation3with illicit rum production by slaves. With the arrival of bound labourers, Indians brought along with their culture and traditions, piece of tailnabis, while Chinese immigrants brought opium4. These do do medicinesss were well-nighly utilised in a socio-cultural circumstance, by adults with discover world a cause for serious concern. sixties brought with it the Hippie Culture5to Mauritanian shores as s considerably as red-hot gets of drugs such as LSD6, Mandrax7and different hallucinogens which became synonymous to new highs to youngsters.The seventies caused an altogether different trend of substance abuse, as the situation change d drastically from its socio-cultural to a more signifi finishtly worrying use. A rudimentary form of heroin8known as chocolate-brown Sugar was introduced in Mauritius. Brown Sugar was smuggled with the airport, harbour and with postal packets.The capital of The Netherlands Affair9that broke out in 1985 was the quintessence of the scope of the drugs bother in Mauritius. As an attempt to display its ordainingness to leave no precious stone unturned in the competitiveness against drug trafficking, legislation was amended10and closing penalty was introduced for proved traffickers. No drug trafficker have however been executed because of the thorny strengthive issues surrounding capital punishment. A choppy downward trend was observed in 1987 and continued until 1990 aft(prenominal) which indicators revealed a slight increase in illicit trafficking and consumption11.In 2003, the sportsmanlike Lady12 was a psychotropic drug opted by most drug users. Post 2005, Subutex13, wh ich is normally used as interference on those babelike on somnific pain killers, and opiates, soon became the most sought-after drug in Mauritius. Substance Abuse and RepercussionsSocial ConsequencesSignificant social consequences intromit the disintegration of the family unit, with the emotional and psychological well-being of family members being upset. Substance abuse and delinquency go hand in hand as sometimes dependency and withdrawal syndromes overcome reason and push addicts towards theft, violence and sympathetic such accomplishments to procure the financial means to obtain their required dosage. The 2009 gentleman medicine Report14shows that crook of drug- cogitate crimes has increased by 18% from 2006 to 2007. health ConsequencesSubstance abuse affects the personal health of drugs addicts themselves. Withdrawal and apathy ar a few of the psychological dysfunctions they might face. The impact of addiction can be far r to each oneing. Cardiovascular disease, str oke, cancer, and lung disease can all be caused by drug abuse15.Because of ace esteem leaf sharing behaviour16, a well-established norm among IDUs as has been shown by the IDUs Respondent Driven Sampling17, which is explained by the increased costs and low financial means of IDUs as well as law serve continuous stalking of IDUs in obstinance of drug paraphernalia, blood borne diseases such as help or Hepatitis18 ar easily transmitted, repercussions of which is catastrophic both for the IDU and society at large. IDUs who get bear on by such blood borne diseases ordain often through and through a domino effect, affect their sexual partners, while pregnant women who are IDUs footrace the risk of contaminating their unborn children with such. Injecting drug use is the cause for an change magnitude proportion of human immunodeficiency virus infections in many parts of the world, Mauritius included. It is estimated that between 11 and 21 million people worldwide inject drugs, and of those, between 0.8 and 6.6 million are infected with HIV19.Financial ImpactsHealth services that have to be give upd to drug addicts include treatment of diseases which may develop in drug addicts as a consequence of substance abuse, as well as costs of rehabilitation services, which is often overlooked by most persons. The cost of non-generic antiretroviral treatment per person per annum may amount up to $ 150020, averaging to almost Rs 50, 000 based on current transmute rates.Financial consequences on the economy are grave, with the parallel running of a black economy with moolah obtained from the illicit traffic, as well as with the effects of drugs abuse of members of the regulate force which reduces productivity.Conventional Approaches to Substance abuseMauritius has ratified the United Nations Drug Control Conventions21. It has besides ratified the 2000 Convention on Trans-National Organized Crime22and is as well as signatory of both the African Union23and the SADC Drug Control Protocol. existing good frameworks that were used, and hush up are used to go steady drugs supply and fill decrement areThe Dangerous Drug exertion 200024The P revileacy prompt 198325The Financial word of honor and Anti Money Laundering portrayal 200226Drugs get hold of ReductionDrugs indigence reduction is one of the salute used to combat the substance abuse crisis at its core. Drug demand reduction refers to policies and programmes tell towards cut down the consumer demand for narcotic drug and psychotropic substances as cover by the three main International Drug Control Conventions, as mentioned above. The National Agency for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Substance Abusers (NATReSA) is a parastatal appeases under the aegis of the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions which was set up by an personation of Parliament in 199627and it is amenable for all demand reduction activities in the country. By conducting a n umber of ginmill activities in the community, schools and the workplace, NATReSA uses education as its main vehicular weapon to try to derogate the demand for drugs. It provides funding to a number of NGOs engaged in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation work. The National Prevention Unit set up by the NATReSa in 2002 has set up a submit Reduction interconnected Program, from which more than 25 regions have already benefitted money box date.Supply stance ReductionAs to supply side reduction, the law enforcement side is actively involved and a number of institutions operating under the aegis of different ministries are responsible for drug control activities.The Anti Drug import Unit (ADSU)28, the National Coast Guard and the Special Mobile staff office are special units of the Mauritius Police Force, working under the command of the Commissioner of Police involved in drug control. The Passport and Immigration Office to a fault operates under the supervision of the Commiss ioner of Police and has a role in the screen of passengers at the seaport and airport while Custom Investigation and Intelligence Unit plays a noteworthy role in the checking of containers and other baggage entering the country. The P ill-treatacy separate of the Ministry of Health and shade of Life is responsible for the issuing of licenses for the import of licit narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.Finally, Mauritius Post Services work in close cooperation with the above units to exercise close control to guarantee that drugs do not enter the country through earn and postal softwares and the Forest Department aids through its field work in forests, mountains and state lands, and is instrumental in detecting cannabis cultivation.According to the 2010 World Drug Report29, Mauritius is the country with the highest opiates consumption prevalence in the African continent with an estimate of 1.9 %. This demonstrates clearly that conventional approaches to the Mauritian drug trouble have not met expectations in terms of efficiency in tackling it. Instead, new factors borne due to a rapidly changing society contributed to the description them inefficient opening up of airspaces which while increasing benefits from the tourism and belong industry has also increased the risks of drugs being brought into the country by foreigners, enlargement of the offshore sector through which large sums of money transits through Mauritius, sources of which remain confidential to the offshore companies and the open secret being that sometimes, part of these monies go into the black economy, financing drug transactions and poverty and prostitution which are key contributory factors as well to the expansion of the Mauritian drug market among others. The escalation of drug use became a cause for worry as the main vehicle for substance abuse being through snapshot, this implied a heightened risk of transmittal of blood borne diseases30among the IDU population and ther efore a greater number of HIV positive and hepatitis cases amongst others.An altogether new approach was hence adopted to counter this eventuality, known as the harm reduction approach. The harm reduction which consists of pauperizationle convince programs as well as repairer commutation therapy implied a completely different perspective, the core principle being admitting the populace of a substance abuse issue in a community, which often is stubbornly resisted by authorities, hence displaying the huge difficulty in the implementation of this system.Over the years, many observations have been do by journalists and Non- brass sectional Organisations (NGOs) representatives on the structural changes of the drug situation in Mauritius, the worrying dimensions of the issue of substance abuse and its relations with transmission of blood borne diseases. aggrieve reduction however, being a relatively new concept in Mauritius dating only back to 2006, remains a rather unexplored pa th.Hence, the purpose of this oration would be to bring focus on molest swap Programs (NEPs) as they are carried out in the Mauritian place setting. While running through a general overview of the harm reduction approach, the rationale behind it leave alone be examined along with implementation timeline of NEP in Mauritius. Policy aspects lead be reviewed and an analysis of the legal backdrop of NEPs in Mauritius go out be presented, which will consist of a study salient features of the existing laws and NEPs and eventually the NEP particularised framework which is the HIV/AIDS Act 06. NEP in prisons, being a delicate and debatable issue, will be considered and the prospect of such in Mauritian prisons discussed. The dissertation will be concluded by evaluating the Mauritian NEP, and proposing recommendations of possible ways to gear more towards efficiency and best coiffure with regards to Mauritian laws and spur exchange.Preliminary Chapter Understanding disparage Reduc tionThe introductory ConceptHarm reduction refers to policies, programmes and practices utilised and applied with the objective of fall risks associated with the use of drugs by substance abusers31. Subdivided into needle exchange programs and methathrough substitution therapies, harm reduction is viewed as a far-reaching innovative approach to the problem of substance abuse and its related risks. The salient feature of this novel method is the radical shift in focus to the prevention of harm caused by substance abuse, rather than on the prevention of drug use itself. This entails recognising the existence of a substance abuse problem in society which in turn indicates the inability or sometimes even failure of interested authorities in tackling the drug problem.This approach was often discussed in Mauritius after recognition of the threat of HIV as well as other blood borne diseases which were spreading through injecting drug use. (RSA())32. Stakeholders including the National AI DS secretariate33agreed that harm reduction does not undermine but or else complements approaches seeking to prevent or decrease drug consumption. It is based on the recognition that many people throughout the world continue to use drugs despite the best of efforts to prevent drug use.Rationale Behind Harm ReductionHarm Reduction and Human RightsThe harm reduction approach to drugs is based on a strong pledge to public health and human rights. Harm reduction interventions have found support among numerous United Nations (UN)34human rights mechanisms, specifically in linguistic context of HIV prevention and the right to attain the highest achievable standard of healthInternational engagement on Economic, Social and cultural Rights35(ICESCR) And Harm Reduction.The Committee on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights36(CESCR) has recommended37many times that States Parties scale up their harm reduction programmes in order to meet their obligations under Article 1238of the ICESCR. In its last Observations on Ukraine (2007), the Committee stated that it was gravely concerned atthe check access by drug users to substitution therapy, and recommended that the state party murder drug substitution therapy and other HIV prevention services more accessible for drug users39.In 2009, the UN Human Rights Council40adopted a final result on human rights and HIV/AIDS that unequivocally provided support to harm reduction programs, including needle exchange. The resolution reflected onetime(prenominal) Commitments41made at the every twenty-four hour period Assembly42in 2001 and again in 2006. In 2010, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs43adopted a resolution more than ever, backing the far-reaching package of interventions for HIV prevention treatment and among injecting drug users. Both ECOSOC and the UNAIDS Programme Co-ordinating Board(will be explained in footnote) have also endorsed these interventions.Article 15.1.b ((will be laid out in footnote) guarantees the right of everyone to benefit from scientific progress and its applications. In the context of injecting driven HIV, this implies a right to benefit from demonstration based programs that can prevent, treat and control HIV/AIDS and other drug related potential diseases. Harm reduction methods have been backed by wide scientific evidence base indicative of their effectiveness at reducing injecting-related risks.Research Based RationaleSupply reduction has been used in Mauritius now, since many years and although being an expensive method to combat substance abuse, drug trafficking crimes and substance abuse is still well present in the Mauritian society.2002, 2003 to 2004 modality of transmission of HIV and blood borne infections steadily shifted from straight activities to injecting drug use.(annexed charts)The 2009 Injecting Drug User HIV surveillance survey was enforced by the AIDS Unit of the Mauritius Ministry of Health and Quality of Life (MOHQL). HIV prevalence is 47.4%. Hepatitis C prevalence is 97.3%. (Results of the survey will be annexed as table)Currently, injecting drug use comprises the bulk of HIV infections in Mauritius. Whereas in 2002 injecting drug use accounted for 14% of all new HIV infections in Mauritius, this luck increased dramatically to 92% in 2005.44Although HIV prevalence among Injecting Drug Users appears to have decreased gradually to 73% in 2008, this percentage is still cause for worry. The use of non- sterilized needles and syringes and other injecting drug equipment is an extremely efficient mode of HIV transmission and remains a key factor exacerbate the HIV epidemic among drug users worldwide.Estimation of population size of IDUs in 2009 has been rounded off at 10000.High-risk injection drug use practices 61.2% of Injecting Drug Users reported injecting 2 to three times a day and 29.3% reported injecting with a previously used needle in the past monthThe Implementation of Harm Reduction In MauritiusHarm reduction imp lemented in Mauritius under two programs Methadone refilling Therapy and The plague trade ProgramMethadone Substitution Therapy (MST)Methadone hydrochloride is an opioid (will be explained in footnote). Methadone is now primarily used today for the treatment of narcotic addiction. Methadones effects can last up to 24 hours, thereby minded(p) only once a day in heroin detoxification and upkeep programs for the treatment of people dependent on heroin and other opioids. (sources will be provided in footnote) Methadone is unremarkably available as a liquid and drunk with fruit juice.MST works by reducing cravings and barricade highs from heroin. It does not provide the euphoric rush. The drug user under MST will no longer experience extreme highs and lows that results from the level of heroin in the blood. (source will provided in footnote). Ultimately, the patient remains physically dependent on the opioid, but is freed from the uncontrolled, compulsive, and disruptive behavior seen in heroin addicts. National Detoxification plaza For MST found at Cit Barkly. Program may be residential (15 days) or day-care. Drug users are induced on methadone under medical examination supervision and doses consequently adjusted.16 methadone dispensing points from which drug users, after having bypast through initial induction receive their daily doses of methadone. plague Exchange ProgramForms part of harm reduction strategy and is funded by the governing body through the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life and partially by external organisations such as the Global Fund.NGOs and Government through Ministry Of Health and Quality of life both carry out NEPs.The program offers a large package of services which include exchange of used needles, HIV instruction and testing, formulation of condoms and alcohol swabs and referrals for rehabilitation services (where requested) as well as other HIV-related services.The Mauritian Needle Exchange ProgramImplementation of Ne edle Exchange Program In MauritiusHaving recognised injecting drug use as the main vehicle of blood borne transmission, the aim behind carrying out needle exchange programs is to transmissionof HIVand otherviralinfections(HepatitisBC)which travels through contaminated syringes and equipments.NEP protects the IDU, by ensuring provision of safe, clean and sterile injecting equipment, eliminating risk of transmission of HIV and blood borne infections through sharing.NEP protects not only the IDU but also IDUs sexual partner.Needle exchange started in 2006 by two NGOs- Ki Nu t and Prevention Information et Lutte contre le Sida (PILS) on two sites Batterie Cass and Baie Du Tombeau (source will be cited in footnote)Adoption of HIV/AIDS Act in 2006 which provided legal framework for NEP following which November 2007 saw government through the Ministry of Health And Quality of Life endorse NEP in Mauritius through the authorized launching of the NEP in Mauritius.A third NGO started NEP on a new site at Tranquebar in November 2007In 2008, MOHQL called for tenders for new NGOS automatic to participate in NEP, with only one response and in February 2008 Idriss Goomany boil down (IGC) started Needle Exchange on a new site in Plaine VerteMarch 2008 saw some of the non-governmental organisations undertaking needle exchange till date regroup themselves under the aegis of one central organisation Collectif Urgence Toxida (CUT). CUT consists of Ki Nu Et, PILS and Rapid IGC joined CUT for a extra time period only. In April 2008 two new sites for needle exchange were put into operation by CUT.May 2008 official kick off of government run NEP It is worth noting that Mauritius has pioneered government run needle exchange in Sub-Saharan AfricaAs of date- 35 sites officially operating for Government run NEP and 17 sites for NGOs run NEPOperation of the Mauritian Needle Exchange ProgramTwo principal methods of operation, NGO run NEP and Government melt down NEPNGOs street bas ed needle exchange. Usually, two members of the NGO visit a fixed spot in the locality the site, a certain number times per week (depending on the NGO in question) and have a number of syringes with them and an empty gallon. IDUs come to see them , bringing with them the used syringes which are disposed in the gallon and are given new sterile syringes by the members. IDUs are assigned a code when they visit the sites. It should be noted that this is not for identification purposes of the IDUs but rather for monitoring and reporting purposes (Number of syringes per IDUs, number of IDUs visiting each sites). Disposal of the needles is made after full stop of sites for the day, by dropping them off at regional hospitals, where they are burned in the incinerators.MOHQL Mobile NEP through two operational caravans. Two authorize health care assistants and one qualified nurse per caravan (identified by Ministry issed identification cards). Each caravan visit three sites daily, spendin g an total of one hour and a half to two hours on each site. Work in collaboration with peer leaders amongst IDUs who help quicken smooth interacting between IDU crowds and the government staff.The Needle Exchange Program in Mauritius and Other Policy MeasuresNeedle Exchange And Demand ReductionDemand reduction, focuses on detoxification and management of withdrawal syndromes with the aim of long term abstinence. However, the results yielded are not the expected ones as detoxification succeeds in removing people from the drug burst in the short term but the relapse rates usually approach 100 per cent (Fact Sheet Supply Demand And Harm Reduction, Burnet Institute Centre For Harm Reduction).Needle Exchange And Methadone Substitution TherapyContrasting costs of providing needle and costs of providing methadoneReturn rate of syringes and treatment follow-up statistics and relapse rates for MSTEfficiency of both harm reducting programs in the sense that they would still cost less even than provision of antiretroviral treatment to an HIV positive person (provision of non-generic anti-retroviral may approximate $15000)The Needle Exchange Program and Its Framework In MauritiusAdoption of the HIV/AIDS Act 2006Needle exchange was carried out by NGOs even earlier the HIV/AIDS Act came into effect. As such, they faced a legal impediment in the sense that the practice of needle exchange was incompatible with the provisions of existing laws which is the Dangerous Drugs Act at its section 34(c) which made self-control of injecting equipment and drug paraphernalia a criminal offence.Following several committees of various stakeholders including the MOHQL itself, police officers, specially members of the ADSU and NGOs , it was agreed that there was a need for a framework to regulate the situation of NEPs. HIV/AIDS Act 2006 was then adopted in 2006 with general consensus by members of parliaments (comments of few members from Hansard will be included here and lengthier wo rks will be attached) and came into effect in August 2007.Aims of HIV/AIDS Act 06 according to the act itself is to provide for measures for the prevention and containment of HIV and AIDS abstract of this aim was a framework really required to provide for prevention measures which are done principally through education, information and sensitization, and containment which is already handled through supply-side reduction. This tends to lead to the shutdown that the true motive behind the HIV/AIDS Act was to provide a legal framework for the NEPPossession of Syringes and Needles and the HIV/AIDS Act 06Article 2 of the International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also requires legislative reform in order to create a legal and policy environment conducive to the scale up of these services and the remotion of barriers to access and coverage to improve accessibility. Hence in line with this, scratch 16 of the HIV/AIDS Act deals with the Possession of syringes and nee dles in the context of NEP. It in fact through very explicit terms decriminalizes its self-possession in the circumstance of the NEP.This was crucial because possession of a used needle and syringe may be used as circumstantial evidence to lay other drug-related charges. For this reason some clients may be slow to return used equipment to NEP site.fear of being arrested while in possession of drugs and/or injection equipment can lead IDUs to rush injections, skip safer injection techniques (e.g., hand and skin cleaning) and to feel so anxious that they cannot inject with accuracy. completely of these consequences can increase the risk of injection-related problems such as infections and skin and soft-tissue hurtHowever variance 34 (c) has still not yet been repealed. Questionned by NGOs as to whether this is a best practice.Needle Exchange Health and guard Under the HIV/AIDS Act 06Handling of used syringes by personnel involved under the NEP compliance with Occupational Heal th and prophylactic Act Applicable only for Govt. Run NEPsSection 10 put on the line Assessment By Employment (Will be showed in footnote) Is this carried out?Section 35 Cleanliness (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 37 Ventilation and Temperature (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 39 Sanitary Conveniences (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 40 Supply of drinking water (Will be showed in footnote)Analysis of whether the caravans meet up with these requirementsSection 41 Washing Facilities (Will be showed in footnote)